Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Assessment of gentamicin and cisplatin-induced kidney damage mediated via necrotic and apoptosis genes in albino rats

BMC Veterinary Research volume 17, Article number: 350 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Gentamicin (GM) is a low-cost, low-resistance antibiotic commonly used to treat gram-negative bacterial diseases. Cisplatin (Csp) is a platinum-derived anti-neoplastic agent. This experiment aimed to identify the early signs of gentamicin and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 10: a control group, which received no treatment; a gentamicin group administered by a dose of (100 mg/kg, IP) for 7 consecutive days, and a cisplatin group was administered intraperitoneal in a dose of (1.5 mg/kg body weight) repeated twice a week for 3 weeks.

Results

Both experimental groups exhibited increased levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid, with the cisplatin-treated group showing higher levels than the gentamicin group. Experimental groups also exhibited significantly increased Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) with more pronounced effects in the cisplatin-treated group. Further, both experimental groups exhibited significant up-regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), caspase-3, and Bax and down regulation of Bcl-2.

Conclusion

These findings confirm the use of necrotic, apoptotic genes as early biomarkers in the detection of tubular kidney damage. Further, cisplatin was shown to have a greater nephrotoxic effect than gentamicin; therefore, its use should be constrained accordingly when co-administered with gentamicin.

Background

The kidneys have a role within some key functions around homeostasis and detoxification, including the excretion of toxic metabolites and some medications [1]. As such, they play an important role in processing toxic drugs and are consequently more exposed to harmful substances via high renal blood flow, which transports metabolites and picks up toxic chemicals from the surrounding fluid [2]. Pharmacological interventions such as interleukin-2, Gentamicin, Ibuprofen, Vancomycin, Furosemide, and chemotherapeutic treatments containing cisplatin, carboplatin, and mitomycin, can have nephrotoxic effects [3].

The aminoglycoside, Gentamicin (GM) is a low-cost, low-resistance antibiotic commonly used to treat gram-negative bacterial diseases [4]. However, its nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are significant factors leading to constraint in the use of aminoglycosides in general [5]. Gentamicin has the following nephrotoxic effects: 1) accumulation in the proximal convoluted tubule [6], which triggers 2) tubular necrosis and glomerular congestion, leading to glomerular and renal dysfunction [7]. Furthermore, it causes oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades, which are significant nephrotoxic factors [8].

Cisplatin or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (Csp) is a platinum-derived anti-neoplastic agent, commonly used in the treatment of carcinoma, lymphoma, and germ-cell tumors [9]. Despite being an efficient chemotherapeutic drug, cisplatin’s nephrotoxicity limits its long-term use [10]. Consequently, it is mainly excreted by the kidneys [11] and accumulates in mitochondria, causing changes in bioenergetics [12]. Furthermore, cisplatin has been implicated in oxidative stress-induced kidney damage [13] as well as apoptosis of kidney tubular cells – although the mechanism for this is not well understood. Cisplatin’s toxicity is thought to be mainly derived from DNA damage; prevention of protein formation; and damage to mitochondria, causing apoptosis [14]. Apoptosis is a significant cause of inflammation and implicated in several diseases of the kidney associated with nephrotoxic drugs [15, 16].

Apoptotic renal damage caused by Gentamicin and cisplatin is heavily dependent on caspase-based signaling. Caspase-9 triggers the release of caspase-3 within the mitochondrial pathway [17]. The proteins Bax and Bcl-2 also play a significant role, with Bax serving a pro-apoptotic function and Bcl-2 as an anti-apoptotic. Specifically, Bcl-2 blocks cytochrome c activation by binding to the mitochondrial membrane [18]. Furthermore, nuclear translocation and the activation of TNF-α lead to oxidative stress and renal inflammation, which significantly impacts cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule expression in the basal gene [19].

Results

Effects of gentamicin and Cisplatin on biochemical parameters

Serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, and urea were significantly elevated in the gentamicin and cisplatin groups compared with the control group (Fig. 1), with cisplatin showing higher elevation.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Effect of Gentamycin and cisplatin a Urea (mg/dl) b Uric acid (mg/dl), c creatinine (mg/dl) the result represent the means ± SEM *P < 0.05

Full size image

Effects of gentamicin and Cisplatin on kidney MDA, GSH, and GPx activities

MDA levels were significantly increase in the experimental groups compared with the control group, with the cisplatin-treated group showing the higher elevation. The cisplatin group also showed a significant decrease in GSH and GPx compared with the control group (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Effect of Gentamycin and cisplatin a MDA (nmol/g) b C-GPX (mg/dl), the result represent the means ± SEM *P < 0.05

Full size image

Histopathological analysis

The control group exhibited normal renal glomerular and tubular structure in the cortical and medullary areas. The gentamicin group exhibited pathological abnormalities in the glomerular and tubular structures. Specifically, there was degeneration of the glomerular wall and some hypertrophy, as well as mononuclear cell infiltration, tubular epithelial cell degeneration, and inter-tubular hemorrhage (Fig. 3). The cisplatin group exhibited severe glomerular congestion, with infiltration of the inflammatory cells within the interstitium and severe hemorrhaging in the medullary and cortical areas. Furthermore, severe necrosis was observe in the tubule (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

A Control (renal tubules are normal) B. Gentamycin group C cisplatin group. Many cortical convoluted tubules were revisited by necrotic epithelial cells (horizontal solid arrows) or vacuolated swell cells (arrow heads), glomeruli exhibited swelling with reduction of bowman’s capsular space. Shown are numerous inflammatory cells (small hollow vertical arrow) in the glomerular and tubular structures in the outer medulla

Full size image

Effects of gentamicin and cisplatin on mRNA expression of TNF-α, Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2

TNF-α, Bax, and caspase-3 gene expression were significantly upregulated (P ≤ 0.05) in the cisplatin and gentamicin-administered rats. This was higher in the cisplatin group, as revealed by qPCR. Bcl-2 mRNA expression was downregulated in the two experimental groups, especially in the cisplatin group (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Effect of Gentamycin and cisplatin on mRNA expression a TNF-α b Caspase 3, (c) Bax and (D) BCL2 the result represent the means ± SEM *P < 0.05

Full size image

Discussion

Elevated serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels can lead to renal dysfunction [20, 21]. In particular, increased serum levels of creatinine inhibits glomerular filtration [22], while high nitrogen levels in blood urea can indicate renal failure to cleanse urea [23]. This experiment found that administering gentamicin led to a significant increase in creatinine, urea, and uric acid in rats. These conform with findings by [24, 25], who also reported increased serum creatinine elevation and blood urea and uric acid, leading to the suggestion that gentamicin is nephrotoxic - although its exact mechanism is unclear. Some studies have implicated ROS formation caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Lipid peroxidation generates MDA in the tissues, which inhibits the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which act as a substratum free radicals. This interaction, between phospholipids and aminoglycosides, is the first step in developing Gentamicin toxicity [26]. Moreover, Gentamicin forms an Iron-GEN complex, with iron liberated from the renal cortical mitochondria. This also triggers free radical formation and enhances ROS generation [27].

The increased MDA levels observed in this experiment aligns with the previous research [9, 28], indicating either elevated serum creatinine and urea levels, or elevated MDA in the kidney tissue. This suggests a link between lipid peroxidation and nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, and kidney dysfunction.

Glutathione plays a critical role in cell maintenance. However, xenobiotics or peroxide-dependent changes in GSH tissue and antioxidant enzyme activity are a contentious topic at the moment [24]. This experiment observed that GSH levels in the kidney are inhibited by gentamicin, correlating with the findings of [29, 30]. These works found a link between gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, low GSH, and GSH-Px activity in the renal cortex, which might in turn lead to oxidative damage due to decreased antioxidant defenses. Inactivation of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD would therefore fail to defend against the increased ROS levels produced by gentamicin. Gentamicin accumulates in the renal proximal convoluted tubules, degenerating the brush border membranes, generating free radicals, reducing antioxidant defenses, and causing glomerular congestion, acute tubular necrosis, and ultimately kidney failure [7, 31, 32]. Likewise, gentamicin administration causes renal oxidative damage due to antioxidant defense enzyme deficiencies [33, 34].

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is implicated in the pathogenesis of acute nephrotoxin-induced renal failure as well as other forms of kidney damage [35, 36]. The administration of gentamicin in our study caused TNF-α to increase significantly. These results are consistent with [7], who found that gentamicin-induced tubular injury caused inflammation at the site of the necrosis.

The pro-apoptotic gene, Bax, plays a key role, causing the release of cytochrome c, activating procaspase-9. This initiates various caspase streams including caspase-3 [37], which cleaves specific target proteins, causing the number of apoptotic cells to increase. Conversely, Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, binds to the external membrane of mitochondria, blocking cytochrome c activation [18].

In this experiment, gentamicin upregulated TNF-α, Bax, and Caspase-3 mRNA expression, and downregulated Bcl-2 mRNA expression. This concurs with [38, 39], whose findings confirmed the same effects of gentamicin administration. From this, it can be conclude that gentamicin therapy can lead to inflammation and apoptosis in renal tissues, followed by necrosis.

The clinical effects of cisplatin are linked to dosage, but high doses can be both nephrotoxic and neurotoxic [40]. Concerning the renal system, cisplatin damages the proximal tubules [41].

This experiment found that cisplatin administered rats exhibited increased creatinine, urea, and uric acid and this effect was more pronounced than in rats treated with gentamicin, agreeing with the work by [42, 43]. Histopathological observations confirmed damage to the glomerular wall, epithelial degeneration, intertubular hemorrhage, and slight glomerular hypertrophy.

Cisplatin-generated ROS targets organelles, including two microsomes and the mitochondria [44, 45], causing apoptosis and necrosis [46, 47]. Some molecules are also targeted, such as lipids and proteins, causing an increase in MDA and a decrease in the antioxidants GSH and GPx [48, 49]. This work observed that rats administered with cisplatin exhibited increased tissue MDA and reduced kidney GSH, while the production of GSH-Px remained unchanged. These results agree with [50, 51], who recorded imbalanced antioxidant status caused by the buildup of excessive cisplatin-produced ROS. This led to depleted GSH and lipid peroxidation.

Apoptosis is central to many renal disorders, especially those that involve inflammatory processes or induced by nephrotoxic drugs [15, 16]. The present experiment found that cisplatin administration upregulated TNF-α, Bax, and caspase-3 mRNA expression, and downregulated Bcl-2 mRNA expression. These effects were more pronounced than in the gentamycin-administered group and agree with findings by [52, 53].

Conclusion

This experiment confirmed the key pathogenic role played by ROS, TNF-α, and apoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 in gentamicin and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, it found that of the two, cisplatin has the most damaging effect on the kidney.

Materials and methods

Chemicals

Gentamicin ampoules 80 mg (Alexandria Chemical Co., Egypt), creatinine kits (Diamond, Egypt), urea kits (Biomed, Egypt), uric acid kits (Spectrum, Egypt), malondialdehyde, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (Biodiagnostics Co., Egypt), trizol (GENEzol™ RNA extraction reagent, Lot≠:30117B07003; Genetix Biotech Asia Pvt. Ltd., India), single-strand complementary DNA kit (cat.No.25014, iNtRON Biotechnology, South Korea), SYBR Green qPCR (cat≠RT500, Enzynomics, South Korea).

Animals

This experiment was designed using ‘the ethical principles and guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals’, and granted ethical approval by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University (Date: 13/1/2019). Thirteen adult male Wistar rats, each weighing 160-200 g, were obtained from faculty of Science lab, Kafrelsheikh University. The rats were kept at 25 °C on a 12/12 h light/dark cycle, in single plastic cages with bedding, with access to standard rat food and water ad libitum. They handled for 1 week before the study to adapt to their surroundings.

Experimental design

Rats were randomly (ranking method) assigned to one of three groups (10 rats/group): 1) Control group, who received no intervention and maintained a regular diet; 2) Gentamicin group, who were administered 100 mg/kg BW IP gentamicin daily for 7 days [54, 55]; 3) Cisplatin group, who were administered 1.5 mg/kg BW IP twice a week for 3 weeks [56].

Blood sample

Following the experimental phase, rats were anesthetized using 5% isoflurane in an induction chamber [57]. Following the loss of righting reflex, rats were rapidly transferred to a nose cone mask, and maintained with isoflurane with room air. Isoflurane anesthesia was performed using a rodent inhalant anesthesia apparatus (SomnoSuite Small Animal Anesthesia System, Kent Scientific Corporation, Connecticut). The flow rate of isoflurane was determined using following formula; Flow rate (ml/min) = 0.65 × body weight (g). and blood samples (6 samples/group) were collected from retro-orbital venous plexuses (7 ml blood/sample). The selection was not based on any pre-specified effect. The samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm in non-heparinized tubes. Sera were separated and stored at − 20 °C for later use. The investigators were not blinded during data collection. Blinding was used during analysis. Computational analysis was not performed blinded.

Tissue sample

Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and executed via cervical dislocation (euthanasia) and the kidneys were removed. The left kidneys were washed with liquid nitrogen then stored at − 80 °C for real-time assessment, while a portion was separated (1 g/sample) and stored at − 20 °C for MDA, GSH, and GSH-Px analysis. Each tissue sample (6 samples/group) was homogenized in 5 ml phosphate buffer pH 7.4 using an electrical homogenizer where the sample was maintained on ice. After homogenization, N-ethylmaleimide was added directly to prevent oxidation of GSH. Tissue homogenate was centrifuged at 1200×g for 20 min at 4 °C. The resulting supernatant was isolated and used in the assessment of the MDA, GSH, and GSH-Px in the renal tissue. The right kidneys were stored in 10% formalin for histopathological analysis. All rats and remnants of the samples were buried in the strict hygienically controlled properly constructed burial pit.

Biochemical analysis

Colorimetric analysis was carried out on creatinine [58], urea [59], and uric acid [60], while calorimetric analysis of kidney homogenate measured malondialdehyde [61], reduced glutathione [62], and glutathione peroxidase [63].

Histopathological analysis

Kidney tissue samples, previously stored in 10% neutral formalin, were paraffinised, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The microscopy images captured by (The light microscope supplied by a digital camera computer device (Nikon digital camera; Japan) for examination of kidney section at resolution of 300 pixel.

Quantitative determination of TNF-α, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 using real-time qPCR

Total RNA was isolated from kidney tissue using TRIzol, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA concentration was measured using the Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Nanodrop 2000c, Thermos Scientific, USA), while single strand complementary DNA was synthesized using the HiSenScript™ cDNA synthesis kit. This involved mixing 10 μl 2X RT reaction buffer, 1 μl enzyme mix solution, and 1 μg RNA, then made up to 20 μl with RNase free water. This was incubated for 30 min at 50 °C then 10 min at 85 °C.

qPCR reactions were carried out using SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix and specific primers (see Tables 1 and 2). The following protocol was used: Initial denaturation for 10 min at 92 °C; 40 cycles at 92 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 30s and 72 °C for 30s. The 2-△△Ct method [64] was used to estimate the differences in gene expression. This was standardized against β-actin and mRNA levels were recorded relative to the control. After amplification, the products were verified using a melting curve analysis.

Table 1 Sequences of primers used in qPCR
Full size table
Table 2 Effect of gentamicin and Body weight condition
Full size table

Statistical analysis

GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA) was used to conduct a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons post hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, with results expressed as means ± standard error (SE).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

GM:

Gentamicin

Csp:

Cisplatin,

I.P:

Intraperitoneal

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor α

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

References

  1. Ferguson MA, Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Toxicology. 2008;245(3):182–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bennett WM. Drug nephrotoxicity: an overview. Ren Fail. 1997;19(2):221–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Schetz M, Dasta J, Goldstein S, Golper T. Drug-induced acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11(6):555–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. del Valle DS, Imbrogno M, Fernadez E. Gentamicin in pediatric infections caused by gram-negative organisms. J Infect Dis. 1969;119(4/5):453–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sun X, Zhang B, Hong X, Zhang X, Kong X. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by increasing prohibitin protein expression in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;707(1–3):147–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ali B. Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in humans and animals: some recent research. General Pharmacol. 1995;26(7):1477–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Balakumar P, Rohilla A, Thangathirupathi A. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: do we have a promising therapeutic approach to blunt it? Pharmacol Res. 2010;62(3):179–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bledsoe G, Shen B, Yao Y-Y, Hagiwara M, Mizell B, Teuton M, et al. Role of tissue kallikrein in prevention and recovery of gentamicin-induced renal injury. Toxicol Sci. 2008;102(2):433–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Atessahin A, Yilmaz S, Karahan I, Ceribasi AO, Karaoglu A. Effects of lycopene against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology. 2005;212(2–3):116–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Çayır K, Karadeniz A, Şimşek N, Yıldırım S, Karakuş E, Kara A, et al. Pomegranate seed extract attenuates chemotherapy-induced acute nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. J Med Food. 2011;14(10):1254–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ciarimboli G, Deuster D, Knief A, Sperling M, Holtkamp M, Edemir B, et al. Am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen, a.; Schinkel, A. H., organic cation transporter 2 mediates cisplatin-induced Oto-and nephrotoxicity and is a target for protective interventions. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(3):1169–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Santos N, Bezerra CC, Martins N, Curti C, Bianchi M, Santos A. Hydroxyl radical scavenger ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by preventing oxidative stress, redox state unbalance, impairment of energetic metabolism and apoptosis in rat kidney mitochondria. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008;61(1):145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hosohata K. Role of oxidative stress in drug-induced kidney injury. Int J Mole Sci. 2016, 1826;17(11).

  14. Santos N, Catao C, Martins N, Curti C, Bianchi M, Santos A. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, redox state unbalance, impairment of energetic metabolism and apoptosis in rat kidney mitochondria. Arch Toxicol. 2007;81(7):495–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sahu BD, Tatireddy S, Koneru M, Borkar RM, Kumar JM, Kuncha M, et al. Naringin ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and associated mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and inflammation in rats: possible mechanism of nephroprotection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;277(1):8–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Servais H, Van Der Smissen P, Thirion G, Van der Essen G, Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM, et al. Gentamicin-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells: involvement of lysosomes and mitochondria. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;206(3):321–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen Y-C, Chen C-H, Hsu Y-H, Chen T-H, Sue Y-M, Cheng C-Y, et al. Leptin reduces gentamicin-induced apoptosis in rat renal tubular cells via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;658(2–3):213–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kalkan Y, Kapakin KAT, Kara A, Atabay T, Karadeniz A, Simsek N, et al. Protective effect of Panax ginseng against serum biochemical changes and apoptosis in kidney of rats treated with gentamicin sulphate. J Mol Histol. 2012;43(5):603–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Donate-Correa J, Martín-Núñez E, Muros-de-Fuentes M, Mora-Fernández C, Navarro-González JF. Inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015.

  20. Patel Manali B, Deshpande S, Shah G. Evaluation of efficacy of vitamin E and N-acetyl cysteine in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ren Fail. 2011;33(3):341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pai PG, Chamari Nawarathna S, Kulkarni A, Habeeba U, Reddy CS, Teerthanath S, et al. Nephroprotective effect of ursolic acid in a murine model of gentamicin-induced renal damage. ISRN Pharmacol. 2012:2012.

  22. Vaidya VS, Ferguson MA, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;48:463–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Arora MK, Reddy K, Balakumar P. The low dose combination of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone halts the progression of diabetes-induced experimental nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;636(1–3):137–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ateşşahin A, Karahan I, Yilmaz S, Çeribaşi A, Princci I. The effect of manganese chloride on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2003;48(6):637–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Al-Majed AA, Mostafa AM, Al-Rikabi AC, Al-Shabanah OA. Protective effects of oral arabic gum administration on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2002;46(5):445–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wiland P, Szechcinski J. Proximal tubule damage in patients treated with gentamicin or amikacin. Pol J Pharmacol. 2003;55(4):631–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Yanagida C, Ito K, Komiya I, Horie T. Protective effect of fosfomycin on gentamicin-induced lipid peroxidation of rat renal tissue. Chem Biol Interact. 2004;148(3):139–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Dugo L, Serraino I, Di Paola R, Britti D, et al. A role for superoxide in gentamicin-mediated nephropathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;450(1):67–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kehrer JP. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1993;23(1):21–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Abdel-naim AB, Abdel-wahab MH, Attia FF. Protective effects of vitamin E and probucol against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Res. 1999;40(2):183–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Whiting P, Brown P. The relationship between enzymuria and kidney enzyme activities in experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail. 1996;18(6):899–909.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Abdel-Raheem IT, Abdel-Ghany AA, Mohamed GA. Protective effect of quercetin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009;32(1):61–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, Hernández-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Aged garlic extract attenuates gentamicin induced renal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Life Sci. 2003;73(20):2543–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pedraza-Chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Olivares-Corichi IM, de los Ángeles Granados-Silvestre M, Hernández-Pando R, et al. Garlic ameliorates gentamicin nephrotoxicity: relation to antioxidant enzymes. Free Rad Biol Med. 2000;29(7):602–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shulman LM, Yuhas Y, Frolkis I, Gavendo S, Knecht A, Eliahou HE. Glycerol induced ARF in rats is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α. Kidney Int. 1993;43(6):1397–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Deng J, Kohda Y, Chiao H, Wang Y, Hu X, Hewitt SM, et al. Interleukin-10 inhibits ischemic and cisplatin-induced acute renal injury. Kidney Int. 2001;60(6):2118–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang K. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5(1):e996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. El Gamal AA, AlSaid MS, Raish M, Al-Sohaibani M, Al-Massarani SM, Ahmad A, et al. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rodent model. Mediat Inflamm. 2014;2014:2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Juan S-H, Chen C-H, Hsu Y-H, Hou C-C, Chen T-H, Lin H, et al. Tetramethylpyrazine protects rat renal tubular cell apoptosis induced by gentamicin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;22(3):732–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. O'Dwyer PJ, Stevenson JP, Johnson SW. Clinical status of cisplatin, carboplatin, and other platinum-based antitumor drugs. Cisplatin. 1999:29–69.

  41. Gonzalez-Vitale JC, Hayes DM, Cvitkovic E, Sternberg SS. The renal pathology in clinical trials of cis-platinum (II) diamminedichloride. Cancer. 1977;39(4):1362–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang L, Lin S, Li Z, Yang D, Wang Z. Protective effects of puerarin on experimental chronic lead nephrotoxicity in immature female rats. Human Exp Toxicol. 2013;32(2):172–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Liu C-M, Ma J-Q, Sun Y-Z. Puerarin protects rat kidney from lead-induced apoptosis by modulating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012;258(3):330–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Liu H, Baliga R. Cytochrome P450 2E1 null mice provide novel protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and apoptosis. Kidney Int. 2003;63(5):1687–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pabla N, Dong Z. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: mechanisms and renoprotective strategies. Kidney Int. 2008;73(9):994–1007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Çetin R, Devrim E, Kılıçoğlu B, Avcı A, Çandır Ö, Durak İ. Cisplatin impairs antioxidant system and causes oxidation in rat kidney tissues: possible protective roles of natural antioxidant foods. J Appl Toxicol. 2006;26(1):42–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bai J, Cederbaum AI. Mitochondrial catalase and oxidative injury. Neurosignals. 2001;10(3–4):189–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sahu BD, Kalvala AK, Koneru M, Kumar JM, Kuncha M, Rachamalla SS, et al. Ameliorative effect of fisetin on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via modulation of NF-κB activation and antioxidant defence. PloS One. 2014;9(9):e105070.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Sahu BD, Kuncha M, Sindhura GJ, Sistla R. Hesperidin attenuates cisplatin-induced acute renal injury by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(5):453–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim Y-H, Kim Y-W, Oh Y-J, Back N-I, Chung S-A, Chung H-G, et al. Protective effect of the ethanol extract of the roots of Brassica rapa on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells and rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29(12):2436–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sugihara K, Nakano S, Koda M, Tanaka K, Fukuishi N, Gemba M. Stimulatory effect of cisplatin on production of lipid peroxidation in renal tissues. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1987;43(3):247–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Means TK, Pavlovich RP, Roca D, Vermeulen MW, Fenton MJ. Activation of TNF-α transcription utilizes distinct MAP kinase pathways in different macrophage populations. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;67(6):885–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Nowak G. Protein kinase C-and ERK1/2 mediate mitochondrial dysfunction, decreases in active Na transport, and cisplatin-induced apoptosis in renal cells. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:43377–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cekmen M, Otunctemur A, Ozbek E, Cakir SS, Dursun M, Polat EC, et al. Pomegranate extract attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by reducing oxidative stress. Ren Fail. 2013;35(2):268–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Otunctemur A, Ozbek E, Cekmen M, Cakir SS, Dursun M, Polat EC, et al. Protective effect of montelukast which is cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney. Ren Fail. 2013;35(3):403–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hamers FP, Brakkee JH, Cavalletti E, Tedeschi M, Marmonti L, Pezzoni G, et al. Reduced glutathione protects against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Cancer Res. 1993;53(3):544–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tsukamoto A, Uchida K, Maesato S, Sato R, Kanai E, Inomata T. Combining isoflurane anesthesia with midazolam and butorphanol in rats. Exp Anim. 2016;65(3):223–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Young DS. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests. AACC press Washington, DC, vol. 4; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Chaney AL, Marbach EP. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin Chem. 1962;8:130–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Use of 3, 5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1980;26(2):227–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95(2):351–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly M. Colorimetric method for determination of glutathione reduced. J Lab Clin Med. 1963;61:882.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med. 1967;70(1):158–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Yuan JS, Reed A, Chen F, Stewart CN. Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinform. 2006;7(1):85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors’ sincere thanks go to the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) for the assist in the editing of the manuscript English language.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

    Tarek Kamal Abouzed, Eman Abd Elrahman Sherif, Nasr Elsayed Nasr, Khaled Khailo & Doaa Abdallha Dorghamm

  2. Biochemistry Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh branch. Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

    Mohamed El Sayed Barakat

  3. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt

    Kadry Mohamed Sadek

  4. Clinical laboratory science Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Adil Aldhahrani

  5. Department of Biotechnology and Life science, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science Beni-suef University, Beni-suef, Egypt

    Ehab Eldomany

Authors
  1. Tarek Kamal Abouzed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eman Abd Elrahman Sherif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohamed El Sayed Barakat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kadry Mohamed Sadek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Adil Aldhahrani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nasr Elsayed Nasr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ehab Eldomany
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Khaled Khailo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Doaa Abdallha Dorghamm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

TKA., MELsB, and KK conceived of the idea. KMS., AA., NElsN., and DAD. Verified the analytical metheds. MELsB, TKA and KK encouraged EAS to investigate [a specific aspect] and supervised the finding of this work. EE helped in editing the manuscript, in plagiarism check, and revision of manuscript. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed El Sayed Barakat.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This experiment was design using ‘the ethical principles and guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals’, and granted ethical approval by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University (Date 13-01-2019).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abouzed, T.K., Sherif, E.A.E., Barakat, M.E.S. et al. Assessment of gentamicin and cisplatin-induced kidney damage mediated via necrotic and apoptosis genes in albino rats. BMC Vet Res 17, 350 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03023-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03023-4

Keywords

BMC Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1746-6148

Contact us