Skip to main content
Download PDF

Topical treatment with SPHINGOLIPIDS and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS for canine atopic dermatitis

BMC Veterinary Research volume 16, Article number: 92 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Skin barrier dysfunction plays a key role in atopic dermatitis (AD). This impairment is related to altered composition and metabolism of epidermal sphingolipids and a deficiency of ceramides. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and especially hyaluronic acid, could be useful in the management of AD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a novel topical treatment consisting of sphingolipids and GAGs extracts in dogs with AD. This formulation is different from previously tested products because the sphingolipid extract contained high amounts of sphingomyelin, a precursor of ceramides, and this has been shown to enhance endogenous synthesis of ceramides and to increase lamellar-related structures in vitro. Thus, it was hypothesized that this formulation could improve clinical disease and skin barrier function in patients with AD.

Results

Twelve house dust mite (HDM) allergic atopic beagle dogs were randomized into two groups: control (n = 6; no treatment) or treatment (n = 6; topical sphingolipids and GAGs twice weekly for 8 weeks). Dogs were challenged with allergen twice weekly and the severity of dermatitis was scored using the canine atopic dermatitis and extent severity index (CADESI-03) once weekly. Skin barrier function (measurement of transepidermal water loss) and severity of pruritus (both pruritus visual analog scale [PVAS] and pruritus timed episodes) were assessed at 0, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Assessments were done by personnel unaware of group allocation. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry and stratum corneum (SC) lipidomics analyses were done at baseline and at week 8.

Compared to baseline, significant increases in CADESI (P = 0.0003) and PVAS (P = 0.041) were observed only in the control group, and SC polyunsaturated fatty acids increased significantly only with treatment (P = 0.039). Compared to control, treatment group had a significantly lower CADESI after 1 week (P = 0.0078) and a significantly lower PVAS after 8 weeks (P = 0.0448). Treatment was well tolerated.

Conclusions

In this study in dogs with AD, a new topical formulation containing sphingomyelin-rich sphingolipids plus GAGs extracts attenuated the clinical worsening induced by HDM, supporting its use in atopic patients, either as an adjunctive treatment or used as monotherapy in certain cases.

Background

Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic skin disease with characteristic clinical features associated with IgE antibodies most commonly directed against environmental allergens [1]. This condition is very similar to its human counterpart in many aspects, hence the use of dogs for investigating the pathogenesis of AD as well as for testing new therapies [2, 3]. A canine model of AD in which high IgE atopic beagles are sensitized by epicutaneous application of house dust mites (HDM) [4] results in immunologic and clinical changes similar to those observed in dogs and humans with naturally-occurring AD [3]. In these dogs, flares of AD are easily triggered upon exposure to allergens. The clinical signs are progressive as long as allergen exposure is allowed.

Sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, are essential components of animal cell membranes and have both structural and biological functions in the epidermis. The main function of epidermal sphingolipids in the stratum corneum (SC) of the epidermis is the formation of the skin barrier and the regulation of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Ceramides are the main epidermal sphingolipids [5,6,7]. Epidermal barrier defects have been reported in both human and canine AD, leading to impaired skin barrier function. In humans, this impairment has been associated with abnormalities in epidermal lipid metabolism and lamellar body extrusion, which results in reduced ceramide levels [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Canine SC has a ceramide profile close to that of humans [16]. Reduced SC ceramide levels have also been reported in canine AD patients and associated with increased TEWL [12, 17,18,19,20]. Ceramides are derived from the hydrolysis of sphingomyelins, which is regulated by the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase [14]. In AD, sphingomyelin metabolism is altered. The enzyme sphingomyelin deacylase is highly expressed in patients with AD and competes for the common substrate (sphingomyelin) with sphingomyelinase, leading to ceramide deficiency [11, 14]. Skin barrier repair through restoration of physiological skin lipid profile has thus been suggested as a promising approach to the management of AD in both species [9, 21]. In dogs, the topical application of lipid-based formulations aimed at improving SC defects in AD has been investigated in several studies and, although they had some positive effects, they appear to be insufficient as monotherapy [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31].

In a recent study [32] using an in vitro model of canine skin [33] the application of a unique sphingolipid extract especially rich in sphingomyelin led to increased SC ceramide levels and increased numbers of lamellar-lipid structures. Another recent in vitro study reports the ability of sphingomyelin to down-modulate PGE2 secretion in canine keratinocytes [34]. This extract might therefore provide clinical benefits by reducing inflammation and helping restore skin barrier function if administered in vivo.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) could be useful as adjunct therapies for wound healing and maintenance of skin homeostasis. Hyaluronic acid (HA), an abundant GAG component of the skin, is involved in the wound-healing process [35, 36]. An in vitro study using human dermal fibroblasts showed increased cell proliferation and migration as well as increased hydrating capacity after application of a GAG extract with a high content of HA [37]. GAGs, and especially HA, can be useful in the management of AD [38,39,40,41]. Combining sphingolipids with GAGs has already been shown to be efficacious, as reported in humans with AD after the application of a ceramide-hyaluronic acid preparation [38, 39, 41, 42]. Furthermore, a combination of sphingolipids and GAGs has been reported to significantly enhance filaggrin expression in vitro, using reconstructed human epidermis [43].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of the abovementioned sphingolipids [32] and GAGs [37] extracts applied topically twice weekly for 8 weeks on clinical signs and skin barrier function in atopic dogs. This formulation is different from previously tested products because the sphingolipid extract provides high amounts of sphingomyelin, a precursor of ceramides, and it has been shown to enhance endogenous synthesis of ceramides and to increase lamellar-related structures in vitro [32]. It was hypothesized that this treatment would lead to improvement in clinical signs and skin barrier function, which should be seen as a reduction in TEWL, pruritus and canine atopic dermatitis and extent severity index (CADESI)-03 scores; and an ameliorated skin lipid profile.

Results

Patients

Twelve house dust mite allergic atopic beagle dogs were randomized into two groups: control (n = 6; no treatment) or treatment (n = 6; topical sphingolipids and GAGs). At baseline, both groups were well balanced with respect to gender (3 males and 3 females per group), weight (mean ± SD: control group = 9.58 ± 1.41 kg; treatment group = 9.28 ± 0.9 kg) and age (12 months old +/− 1 week in both groups). No animals died or were euthanized during or after the study. At the completion of the study, dogs remained in the colony to be used in further studies.

Clinical efficacy and safety endpoints

At baseline there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups in mean CADESI, TEWL, or pruritus scores.

As expected when using this canine model of AD, after 8 weeks of allergen challenge a significantly increased CADESI was observed in the control group (P = 0.0003) due to the allergen exposure. On the contrary, although not statistically significant, a decrease in mean CADESI was seen in the treatment group (P = 0.1788). When groups were compared, the treatment group presented a significantly lower mean CADESI after 1 week (P = 0.0078) (Fig. 1). During the rest of the study, there were no significant differences between groups.

Fig. 1
figure 1

CADESI scores of AD dogs in the treatment and control groups from the study. During the study, CADESI scores were determined weekly as described in the Materials and Methods section, and are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6 vs 6)

Full size image

After 8 weeks of follow-up, a significantly increased pruritus visual analog scale (PVAS) score was seen only in the control group (P = 0.0414). When groups were compared, the treatment led to a significantly lower PVAS after 8 weeks (P = 0.0448). No significant differences were found between groups in mean pruritus timed episodes scores (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Pruritus scores in the treatment and control groups of the study. PVAS (a) and pruritus timed episodes (b) scores were evaluated at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Data reported as mean ± SEM (n = 6 vs 6)

Full size image

Dogs in the control group, developed clinical signs associated to AD, such as erythema, macules and papules, due to HDM challenge (Fig. 3). No abnormalities were noted in CBC or biochemistry analyses in any of the study subjects (data not shown). The administration of the topical treatment was safe and well tolerated, and no side effects were reported.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Clinical images of dogs belonging to treatment (a) and control (b) groups at the end of the study (8 weeks)

Full size image

Skin barrier function assessment

There were no statistical significant differences in TEWL measurements in time or between groups for any of the studied body sites (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

TEWL measurements for the treatment and control groups. At 0, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, TEWL was measured from the pinnae (a), axilla (b) and inguinal area (c) in all AD dogs. Data reported as mean ± SEM (n = 6 vs 6)

Full size image

Changes in skin lipids measured from SC tape-stripping samples are shown in Table 1. Compared to baseline, a significant increase in skin polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was seen only with the treatment (8.4 fold; P = 0.039), but there were no significant differences between groups (Fig. 5).

Table 1 Variations in lipid chemical class values in the control and the treatment groups after 8 weeks
Full size table
Fig. 5
figure 5

Heatmap representing binary comparisons per metabolic feature for the paired comparisons overtime in the control (a) and treatment (b) groups; and comparison treatment vs control group (c). Green sections of the heatmap denote metabolites that were reduced (negative log2 fold-changes) and red sections denote metabolites that were increased (positive log2 fold-changes); grey/black bars indicate significant changes with treatment (light grey, Student’s t-test p-value < 0.05; dark grey, p < 0.01; black, p < 0.001). Metabolites are grouped by families and ordered also according to their carbon number and unsaturation degree of their acyl chains

Full size image

Discussion

This study shows in vivo improvements in clinical signs, especially seen as a reduction in pruritus, after topical application of a novel treatment containing sphingolipids and GAGs (containing, mainly, sphingomyelin and HA, respectively) for 8 weeks in dogs with AD. Since an altered composition and metabolism of epidermal sphingolipids has been reported in several skin diseases including AD, new interventions –like the one tested in the present study– aimed at restoring the physiological sphingolipid metabolism may represent a convenient treatment approach [44]. Furthermore, the importance of GAGs as components of the skin as well as their reported benefits, alone or in combination with sphingolipids, makes them also a good choice for managing skin conditions [36, 37, 39, 43].

Clinically, canine and human AD are very similar [2, 3]. In the study reported herein, topical application of sphingolipids plus GAGs attenuated the worsening in CADESI 1 week after HDM application, and led to sustained lower CADESI values during the rest of the study, compared to control. Pruritus is a major clinical sign in AD [45], hence the importance of the significantly lower PVAS score observed in this study after 8 weeks of treatment. This antipruritic action could be explained by a reduced cutaneous inflammation provided by HA [36] and/or sphingomyelin [34] contained in the study treatment. Albeit not statistically significant, mean levels of pruritus were higher in the treatment group after 4 weeks, although there was a high individual variability, as it can be noted in the SEM in Fig. 2.

Short-term safety of the treatment was confirmed based on the absence of abnormalities in CBC or biochemistry analyses and on the observations that the treatment was safe and well tolerated, and no side effects were reported.

In our study, no significant differences in TEWL were found between groups for any of the studied body sites. It is important to point out that even if TEWL is commonly accepted as a non-invasive method to quickly assess skin barrier function, this method is not flawless as it can have large variability [46]. Nevertheless it was selected in this study since it is noninvasive and it has been previously shown to correlate with SC integrity [47].

Decreased amounts of ceramides in the skin of dogs with AD have been implicated in impaired barrier function of their skin [18]. It has been suggested that a decreased ceramide content accelerates TEWL in dogs and humans with AD [18, 20, 48]. Sphingomyelin is one of the most common sphingolipids found in animals [49], hence the election of this particular sphingolipid extract of animal origin for this study. This extract was chosen as it features a more suitable lipid profile for the enhancement of endogenous synthesis of ceramides [32]. Based on previous in vitro observations [32], it was expected that the application of this sphingolipid extract would lead to clinical improvements as well as an increase in epidermal ceramide levels and an amelioration in skin barrier function in vivo. In this study, lipidomics-based data from treated dogs did not show increased ceramide levels or significant differences between groups. Nevertheless, the treatment led to increased PUFAs skin levels, which could also indicate an improvement of the skin barrier. In effect, abnormalities in fatty acid profiles have been reported in AD patients, and long chain omega-3 PUFAs can potentially alter cutaneous inflammation as well as the skin epidermal barrier [23, 50, 51]. However, the complete relevance of these results remains unclear.

In recent years, several studies have been performed to assess the efficacy of different topical interventions using lipid formulations aimed at restoring the skin barrier in dogs with AD. Although a beneficial effect has been suggested for some of these therapies, current scientific evidence is still incomplete, the reported clinical improvements are modest, and none of them has yet shown a consistent effect on pruritus and skin lesions [15, 52]. Prior studies reporting the effects of topical sphingolipids have focused on the use of lipid emulsions especially rich in ceramides, showing improvements in clinical signs as well as in skin ultrastructure and lipid profiles driven by direct incorporation of these exogenous ceramides [21, 29, 30]. Although a decreased CADESI was reported after topical application of ceramides in dogs with AD in a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study [21] and in an open-label trial [25] treatment failed to achieve improvements in pruritus. Conversely, the formulation tested in this study showed a significant effect on pruritus.

It should be highlighted that the lotion used in this study contained not just ceramides but also sphingomyelin and this is different from any previously tested interventions [39, 41]. This type of sphingolipid enhances the production of endogenous skin lipids, rather than solely exerting a direct replenishment of ceramides through topical application [32]. Thus, the sphingomyelin-hyaluronic acid preparation tested in this study provides different effects and through different mechanisms of actions compared to the already existing ceramide-hyaluronic acid products [39, 41]. Additionally, this particular sphingolipid extract has been also proven to enhance the production of lamellar-related structures [32]. Unfortunately, in this study no skin biopsies were taken for electron microscopy assessment to further evaluate the effect on lipid lamellae and lamellar bodies.

The clinical benefits reported in the present study after the topical administration of sphingolipids and GAGs, especially on pruritus, confirm the efficacy of such combination. It should be stressed that dogs were not on any other medication, which indicates a remarkable benefit of this topical treatment as a sole therapy. It is, therefore, reasonable to speculate that some naturally-occurring cases of canine AD, especially young patients that have been diagnosed at very initial stages, could benefit from this treatment alone. Besides that, if used in combination with other therapies, it might result in faster improvements, allow a reduction in the need and dosage of other drugs and be useful for the long-term management of such chronic condition.

Our findings were obtained using a validated canine model of AD worsened by HDM exposure [4]. Clinically, dogs in the control group behaved as expected when using this model. Whether animals can be used to predict human response to certain treatments is based on similarities between species and does not always correlate completely yet dogs are a better model for people than any other species as their disease shares the complexity of the human condition. In the authors’ opinion, although direct extrapolations between species should obviously be made with caution, data presented herein indicates a beneficial effect of this topical combination in dogs with AD but also suggests its potential application in atopic people as part of the multimodal treatment approach since dogs appear to respond similarly to therapy for AD as humans.

This study has some limitations which should be pointed out. First, the sample size was small. Since this study was the first in vivo experimental approach to assessing the effects of this novel intervention, it was expected that six animals per group would provide enough statistical power. Second, in the herein study, SC function evaluation using TEWL showed no differences between study groups. Perhaps simultaneous TEWL and SC water content measurements could have provided a more detailed characterization of the skin function [53]. Moreover, no skin biopsies were taken from the dogs in this study. Histopathological evaluation of skin samples could have provided more valuable information on the effects of the intervention. Further studies involving a more thorough characterization of the changes produced in the skin after treatment and using a larger number of study subjects are therefore warranted. On the other hand, given that this study only evaluated short-term safety based on CBC and biochemistry, local safety of the product in the skin, both short- and long-term, should also be assessed. Since the intervention attenuated the clinical worsening due to HDM application, the effects of this treatment should also be evaluated in canine patients presenting with already established clinical signs associated with AD. Studies evaluating the effects of GAGs or sphingolipids separately are also needed. Lastly, despite the evidence that supports the use of the dog as an adequate animal model of human AD, it would be necessary to perform clinical studies in people to evaluate the effects of this treatment in human AD patients.

Conclusions

In this study in dogs with AD, a topical combination of sphingolipids and GAGs attenuated the clinical worsening induced by HDM, supporting the use of this treatment in atopic patients, either as an adjunctive treatment or used as monotherapy in certain cases.

Methods

All procedures used in this study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Florida (reference number: 201508927). The study was conducted according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Animals and housing

Animals included in the study belonged to a research colony of allergic atopic beagles from the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA). Dogs had to be healthy based on physical examination, and had to be clear of clinical signs of pyoderma at the time of enrollment. During the study, dogs were housed in an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)-monitored facility of the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA). All animals were fed the same diet (Science Diet® Small bites, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, USA) and received no concomitant therapies during the conduct of this study. Dogs were epicutaneously challenged with HDM administration into the inguinal area. HDM were prepared from culture (natural Dermatophagoides farinae, Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC, USA) and mixed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) to a final concentration of 15.6 mg/mL. The HDM solution (1.6 mL, 25 mg/dog/challenge) was applied twice weekly for 8 weeks.

Study design

This study was designed as a prospective, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial with two parallel arms. Dogs were randomly allocated to the control (n = 6) or the treatment (n = 6) groups, using an assignment of numbers to each dog and blind hat draw. Dogs in the control group did not receive any intervention. Dogs in the treatment group were administered a topical product (Atopivet® Spot-on, Bioberica S.A.U., Barcelona, Spain). This lotion contains 0.5% of a sphingomyelin-rich sphingolipid extract (Biosfeen®, Bioiberica S.A.U., Barcelona, Spain) and 0.5% of a HA-rich GAGs extract (Dermial®, Bioiberica S.A.U., Barcelona, Spain) as active ingredients. The product was applied topically, twice weekly for 8 weeks, on the pinnae, axilla, interdigital areas of front and back paws, inguinal area, chest, dorsum (between the shoulder blades and several more spots further back), a drop in each area (one mono-dose pipette of 2 mL per dog). The product and the HDM challenge were applied on the same weekdays. The topical treatment was administered 2 hours after allergen application in order to simulate a situation in which inflammation had been already triggered so that the intervention was used as treatment rather than prevention.

Clinical evaluations

All dogs were evaluated using a validated scoring system CADESI-03 at baseline and weekly until the end of the study (8 weeks). These evaluations were all performed by the same investigator (RM), who was blinded to treatment allocation.

Pruritus was assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, using two different methods: pruritus timed episodes and global pruritus scoring. Pruritus timed episodes were evaluated during 20 min for licking, scratching and biting. Each episode was recorded as a timed period of seconds of licking, scratching and biting. A global pruritus score was subjectively assigned to each dog after the 20-min timed episode pruritus evaluation using a PVAS modified from a score by Hill et al. [54], ranging from normal (0) to very severe itching [10]. Marks were made on the PVAS and subsequently measured using a 10-point transparency placed over the scale, and recorded. All investigators involved in clinical evaluations were blinded to treatment assignment, which was administered by independent personnel.

Blood sampling

Before and after treatment, 4 mL of blood were drawn from each dog by jugular venipuncture, and divided into serum and EDTA tubes to measure changes in CBC and biochemistry. These analyses were performed at the University of Florida, Veterinary Hospital, clinical pathology laboratory (Gainesville, FL, USA).

TEWL measurements

TEWL was measured at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment at three different anatomical sites (pinnae, axilla and inguinal area) in triplicate. Dogs were acclimated for 30 min in a humidity controlled room prior to taking measurements. Measurements involved the application of the probe of the close chamber evaporimeter (VapoMeter®, Delfin Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland). Readings measured as an increase in relative humidity inside the closed chamber over a set time in g/m2h were obtained after 10 s of close contact with the skin and wirelessly transmitted to a laptop. Means and standard deviation for the readings were calculated for each site evaluated.

Tape stripping

Lipid composition in the SC was assessed by tape-stripping at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. One day prior to obtaining the sample, the hair in the area of non-lesional inguinal skin was shaved. Gloves were used during the handling of the tape strips and the contact zone of the adhesive was avoided with fingers or other material. First, two D-Squame adhesive tapes (D-Squame, size 22 mm, CuDerm Corporation, Detroit, MI, USA) were applied one time each one, using uniform pressure, and discarded. After that, one D-Squame adhesive tape (size 22 mm) was applied 10 times using uniform pressure in alternating directions. The tape strip was immediately placed into an appropriately labeled tube (one tape strip per tube), tightly sealed and avoiding direct contact of the adhesive zone with the plastic. Tubes were then placed on dry ice and transferred to a − 80 °C freezer. At the end of the study, pre- and post-treatment tape-stripping samples were transported on dry ice and with temperature control log to a specialized lab (OWL Metabolomics, Derio, Spain) for lipidomics analysis.

Lipidomics analysis

Lipidomics analyses were performed by OWL Metabolomics (Derio, Spain). Two ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ToF-MS)-based platforms were used for optimal profiling of the SC lipidome: Platform 1 was used to analyze fatty acids (FA) while glycerolipids, cholesteryl esters, and sphingolipids where analyzed in Platform 2 as previously described [55] (see Additional file 1).

For protein quantification, the Squamescan 850A (Heiland Electronic, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to determine the amount of SC removed to obtain a good indication of the depth of each tape strip taken, measuring the protein content.

All data were processed using the TargetLynx application manager for MassLynx 4.1 software (Waters Corp.) as previously described by Martínez-Arranz et al. [56]. The peak detection process included 139 LC–MS features.

Normalization factors were calculated following the procedure described [56]. Further normalization procedure was applied by dividing every sample by its protein content, as part of the biological normalization.

Statistical analysis

No formal sample size calculation was performed. The number of dogs used in the study was dictated by the size of the colony. However, it was considered that 12 dogs would be enough given the homogeneity of the study subjects and the fact that they share housing conditions, which should reduce variability among them. To evaluate differences at the multiple times during the intervention a linear mixed effects models was run with CADESI, pruritus, or TEWL as outcomes, the corresponding baseline measure as the covariate, and day/month, intervention indicator, and the interaction between the two as the predictors. A random subject-specific intercept was included to account for the within-subject correlation. Model-based tests were conducted for overall within group temporal change, overall group difference between the two groups, and pairwise group difference between the groups at each observed time point. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Post-hoc calculations revealed that 15 dogs per group would have been needed to provide enough statistical power.

For the lipidomic analysis, univariate statistical analyses were performed in order to evaluate the effect of the treatment, calculating group percentage changes and paired Student’s t-test p-value (or Welch’s t test where unequal variances were found), comparing initial and final values in each group. All calculations were performed using statistical software package R v.3.1.1 (R Development Core Team, 2011; http://cran.r-project.org).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

CADESI:

Canine atopic dermatitis and extent severity index

FA:

Fatty acids

GAGs:

Glycosaminoglycans

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

HDM:

House dust mites

IACUC:

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

PVAS:

Pruritus visual analog scale

SC:

Stratum corneum

TEWL:

Transepidermal water loss

UHPLC-ToF-MS:

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry

References

  1. Halliwell R. Revised nomenclature for veterinary allergy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006;114:207–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Favrot C. Canine and human atopic dermatitis: similarities and differences. In: Planet@risk, 2(3), special issue on one health (part I/II): 160–161. Davos: Global Risk Forum. Davos; 2014. p. 160–1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Marsella R, Girolomoni G. Canine models of atopic dermatitis: a useful tool with untapped potential. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(10):2351–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Marsella R, Olivry T, Nicklin C, Lopez J. Pilot investigation of a model for canine atopic dermatitis: environmental house dust mite challenge of high-IgE-producing beagles, mite hypersensitive dogs with atopic dermatitis and normal dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2006;17(1):24–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Madison KC. Barrier function of the skin: “la raison d’être” of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(2):231–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mizutani Y, Mitsutake S, Tsuji K, Kihara A, Igarashi Y. Ceramide biosynthesis in keratinocyte and its role in skin function. Biochimie. 2009;91(6):784–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Olivry T. Is the skin barrier abnormal in dogs with atopic dermatitis? Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;144(1–2):11–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cui L, Jia Y, Cheng Z-W, Gao Y, Zhang G-L, Li J-Y, et al Advancements in the maintenance of skin barrier/skin lipid composition and the involvement of metabolic enzymes. J Cosmet Dermatol 2016;0:1–10.

  9. Elias PM, Hatano Y, Williams ML. Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1337–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Fartasch M, Bassukas ID, Diepgen TL. Disturbed extruding mechanism of lamellar bodies in dry non-eczematous skin of atopics. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127(3):221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hara J, Higuchi K, Okamoto R, Kawashima M, Imokawa G. High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115(3):406–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Hidano A. Decreased level of Ceramides in stratum Corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? J Invest Dermatol. 1991;96(4):523–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pilgram GS, Vissers DC, van der Meulen H, Pavel S, Lavrijsen SP, Bouwstra JA, et al. Aberrant lipid organization in stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis and lamellar ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(3):710–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Proksch E, Jensen JM, Elias PM. Skin lipids and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 2003;21(2):134–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Saridomichelakis MN, Olivry T. An update on the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet J. 2016;207:29–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Popa I, Thuy LH, Colsch B, Pin D, Gatto H, Haftek M, et al. Analysis of free and protein-bound ceramides by tape stripping of stratum corneum from dogs. Arch Dermatol Res. 2010;302(9):639–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Inman A, Olivry T, Dunston S, Monteiro-Riviere N, Gatto H. Electron microscopic observations of stratum corneum intercellular lipids in normal and atopic dogs. Vet Pathol Online. 2001;38(6):720–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Reiter L, Torres S, Wertz P. Characterization and quantification of ceramides in the nonlesional skin of canine patients with atopic dermatitis compared with controls. Vet Dermatol. 2009;20(4):260–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Santoro D, Marsella R, Pucheu-Haston CM, Eisenschenk MNC, Nuttall T, Bizikova P. Review: pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis: skin barrier and host-micro-organism interaction. Vet Dermatol. 2015;26(2):84–e25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Shimada K, Yoon J. Increased transepidermal water loss and decreased ceramide content in lesional and non-lesional skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2009;20:541–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Marsella R, Genovese D, Gilmer L, Ahrens K, Gatto H, Navarro C. Investigations on the effects of a topical ceramides-containing emulsion (Allerderm spot on) on clinical signs and skin barrier function in dogs with atopic dermatitis: a double-blinded randomized controlled study. Int J Appl Res Vet Med. 2013;11(2):110–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Blaskovic M, Rosenkrantz W, Neuber A, Sauter-Louis C, Mueller RS. The effect of a spot-on formulation containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential oils on dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet J. 2014;199:39–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tretter S, Mueller R. The influence of topical unsaturated fatty acids and essential oils on normal and atopic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2011;47(4):236–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bourdeau P, Bruet V, Gremillet C. Evaluation of phytosphingosine-containing shampoo and microemulsion spray in the clinical control of allergic dermatoses in dogs: preliminary results of a multicentre study. In: Selected abstracts from the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum, 18–22 April, Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. 2007. p. 175–95.

  25. Fujimura M, Nakatsuji Y, Fujiwara S, Rème C, Gatto H. Spot-on skin lipid complex as an adjunct therapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis: an open pilot study. Vet Med Int. 2011;2011:1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hobi S, Klinger C, Classen J, Mueller RS. The effects of a topical lipid complex therapy on dogs with atopic dermatitis: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28(4):369–e84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jung J, Nam E, Park S, Han S, Hwang C. Clinical use of a ceramide-based moisturizer for treating dogs with atopic dermatitis. J Vet Sci. 2013;14(2):199–205.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Olivry T, DeBoer D. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2015 updated guidelines from the international committee on allergic diseases of animals (ICADA). BMC Vet Res. 2015;11(210):1–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Piekutowska A, Pin D, Rème CA, Gatto H, Haftek M. Effects of a topically applied preparation of epidermal lipids on the stratum corneum barrier of atopic dogs. J Comp Pathol. 2008;138(4):197–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Popa I, Remoue N, Osta B, Pin D, Gatto H, Haftek M, et al. The lipid alterations in the stratum corneum of dogs with atopic dermatitis are alleviated by topical application of a sphingolipid-containing emulsion. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012;37:665–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Reme CA, Mondon A, Calmon JP, Poisson L, Jasmin P, Carlotti DN. FC-40 efficacy of combined topical therapy with antiallergic shampoo and lotion for the control of signs associated with atopic dermatitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2004;15(s1):33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cerrato S, Ramió-Lluch L, Brazís P, Fondevila D, Segarra S, Puigdemont A. Effects of sphingolipid extracts on the morphological structure and lipid profile in an in vitro model of canine skin. Vet J. 2016;212:58–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Serra M, Brazís P, Puigdemont A, Fondevila D, Romano V, Torre C, et al. Development and characterization of a canine skin equivalent. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:135–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cerrato S, Ramió-Lluch L, Brazís P, Segarra S, Puigdemont A. Abstracts from the 8th world congress of veterinary dermatology, may 31 - June 4 2016, Bordeaux, France. Vet Dermatol. 2016;27(Suppl 1):6–121.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Balogh L, Polyak A, Mathe D, Kiraly R, Thuroczy J, Terez M, et al. Absorption, uptake and tissue affinity of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan after oral administration in rats and dogs. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(22):10582–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Smith MM, Melrose J. Proteoglycans in Normal and healing skin. Adv Wound Care. 2013;4(3):152–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Torrent A, Montell E, Verges J, Ruhi R, Dalmau P, Zurbano MJ, et al. A New Natural Extract with Anti-Aging and Regenerative Properties for Skin. FASEB J. 2015;29(1_Supplement):740–3.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Draelos ZD. A clinical evaluation of the comparable efficacy of hyaluronic acid-based foam and ceramide-containing emulsion cream in the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2011;10(3):185–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Frankel A, Sohn A, Patel RV, Lebwohl M. Bilateral comparison study of pimecrolimus cream 1% and a ceramide-hyaluronic acid emollient foam in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(6):666–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Malaisse J, Bourguignon V, De Vuyst E, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Nikkels AF, Flamion B, et al. Hyaluronan metabolism in human keratinocytes and atopic dermatitis skin is driven by a balance of hyaluronan synthases 1 and 3. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134:2174–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pacha O, Hebert AA. Treating atopic dermatitis: safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of a ceramide hyaluronic acid emollient foam. Vol. 5, Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2012. p. 39–42.

  42. Taub A, Garretson C. An open label study evaluating a hyaluronic acideceramide based prescription emollient foam in the treatment of mild to moderate eczema. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(6):666–72.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Segarra S, Bernard F-X, Flores J, Naiken T. Effects of sphingolipids, glycosaminoglycans, and their combination on in vitro filaggrin expression using reconstructed human epidermis. In: Abstracts of the 30th Annual Congress of the ECVD-ESVD, Dubrovnik, Croatia. Vet Dermatol. 2018;29(5):372.

  44. Borodzicz S, Rudnicka L, Mirowska-Guzel D, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. The role of epidermal sphingolipids in dermatologic diseases. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Griffin C, DeBoer D. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XIV): clinical manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;81(3–4):255–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lau-Gillard PJ, Hill PB, Chesney CJ, Budleigh C, Immonen A. Evaluation of a hand-held evaporimeter (VapoMeter®) for the measurement of transepidermal water loss in healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2010;21(2):136–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Shimada K, Yoshihara T, Yamamoto M, Konno K, Momoi Y, Nishifuji K, et al. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) reflects skin barrier function of dog. J Vet Med Sci. 2008;70(8):841–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Yoon J, Nishifuji K, Sasaki A, Ide K, Ishikawa J, Yoshihara T, et al. Alteration of stratum corneum ceramide profiles in spontaneous canine model of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20(9):732–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sperling P, Heinz E. Plant sphingolipids: structural diversity, biosynthesis, first genes and functions. Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2003;1632(1–3):1–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Calder P. Abnormal fatty acid profiles occur in atopic dermatitis but what do they mean? Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36:138–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Olivry T, Marsella R, Hillier A. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXIII): are essential fatty acids effective? Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;81(3–4):347–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Olivry T, Bizikova P. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials for prevention or treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs: 2008–2011 update. Vet Dermatol. 2013;24(1):97–117.e25–6.

  53. Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Transepidermal water loss and skin surface hydration in the non invasive assessment of stratum corneum function. Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1990;38(2):50–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hill PB, Lau P, Rybnicek J. Development of an owner-assessed scale to measure the severity of pruritus in dogs. Vet Dermatol. 2007;18(5):301–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Røpke MA, Alonso C, Jung S, Norsgaard H, Richter C, Darvin ME, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on stratum corneum lipids and function in human skin—a detailed lipidomic analysis. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;88(3):330–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Martínez-Arranz I, Mayo R, Pérez-cormenzana M, Mincholé I, Salazar L, Alonso C, et al. Data in brief data in support of enhancing metabolomics research through data mining. J Proteome. 2015;3:155–64.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ethan Hartman, Brittany Deweese and Emily Baker for assistance with the beagles and Huaihou Chen for carrying out the statistical analysis.

Funding

Bioiberica S.A.U. provided the compounds as well as funding for this study, reviewed the study design and participated in the preparation of the manuscript. Bioiberica S.A.U. was not involved in the study follow-up, clinical evaluations, sample collection or analyses.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA

    Rosanna Marsella & Kim Ahrens

  2. R&D Bioiberica S.A.U, pl. Francesc Macià 7, 08029, Barcelona, Spain

    Sergi Segarra

  3. OWL Metabolomics, Edificio 502, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain

    Cristina Alonso

  4. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V Campus UAB, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    Lluís Ferrer

Authors
  1. Rosanna Marsella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sergi Segarra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kim Ahrens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cristina Alonso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lluís Ferrer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SS, KA and RM participated in the design of the study. CA performed the lipidomics analysis. SS prepared the draft of the manuscript, and submitted the final manuscript. SS, KA, RM, and LF participated in data analysis and interpretation of results, and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosanna Marsella.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures used in this study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Florida (reference number: 201508927). The study was conducted according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

SS is employed by Bioiberica S.A.U., Barcelona, Spain. LF and RM do scientific consultancy for Bioiberica S.A.U. The rest of the authors state no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Additional file 1.

Lipidomics analysis. This additional file explains the lipidomics analysis in more detail.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Marsella, R., Segarra, S., Ahrens, K. et al. Topical treatment with SPHINGOLIPIDS and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS for canine atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 16, 92 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02306-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02306-6

Keywords

  • Epidermal sphingolipids
  • Atopic dermatitis
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Sphingomyelin
  • Animal model

BMC Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1746-6148

Contact us