Nelson TS. The hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus by chicks and laying hens. Poult Sci. 1976;55:2262–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahmadi H, Rodehutscord M. A meta-analysis of responses to dietary nonphytate phosphorus and phytase in laying hens. Poult Sci. 2012;91:2072–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Selle PH, Ravindran V. Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2007;135:1–41.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Shaw AL, Macklin KS, Blake JP. Phytase supplementation in a reduced calcium and phosphorus diet fed to broilers undergoing an Eimeria challenge. J Poult Sci. 2012;49:178–82.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pirgozliev V, Bedford MR, Acamovic T, Allimehr M. The effects of supplementary bacterial phytase on dietary true metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility and endogenous losses in precision fed turkeys. Br Poult Sci. 2011;52:214–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tykałowski B, Stenzel T, Koncicki A. Selected problems related to ossification processes and their disorders in birds. Med Weter. 2010;66:464–9.
Google Scholar
Riddell C. Non-infectious skeletal disorders of poultry: an overview. In: Whitehead CC, editor. Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry, Poultry Science Symposium No. 23. Abingdon, UK: Carfax Publishing Co; 1992. p. 119–45.
Google Scholar
Turner KA, Lilburn MS. The effect of early protein restriction zero to eight weeks on skeletal development in turkey toms from two to eighteen weeks. Poult Sci. 1992;71:1680–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walser MM, Cherns FL, Dziuk HE. Osseus development tibial dyschondroplasia in five lines of turkeys. Avian Dis. 1982;26:265–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nestor KE, Bacon WL, Moorhead PD, Saif YM, Havenstein GB, Renner PA. Comparison of bone and muscle growth in turkey lines selected for increased body weight and increased shank width. Poult Sci. 1987;66:1421–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nelson TS, Kirby LK, Johnson ZB. Effect of calcium, phosphorus, and energy on the incidence of weak legs in heavy male broilers. J App Poult Res. 1992;1:11–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Dinev I. Leg weakness pathology in broiler chickens. J Poult Sci. 2012;49:63–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Hester PY, Krueger KK, Jackson M. The effect of restrictive and compensatory growth on the incidence of leg abnormalities and performance of commercial male turkeys. Poult Sci. 1990;69:1731–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hester PY, Krueger KK, Jackson M. The effect of compensatory growth on carcass characteristics of male turkeys. Poult Sci. 1990;69:1743–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Naumann C, Bassler R. Methodenbuch Band III. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Darmstadt, Germany: VDLUFA-Press; 1993.
Google Scholar
Barreiro FR, Baraldi-Artoni SM, do Amaral LA, Barbosa JC, Girardi AM, Pacheco MR, et al. Determination of broiler femur parameters at different growth phases. Int J Poult Sci. 2011;10:849–53.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Simsa S, Ornan EM. Endochondral ossification process of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) during embryonic and juvenile development. Poult Sci. 2007;86:565–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crespo R, Stover SM, Shivaprasad HL, Chin RP. Microstructure and mineral content of femora in male turkeys with and without fractures. Poult Sci. 2002;81:1184–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Majchrzak T, Czerwiński E, Cooper RG. Spongious matrix of the tibio-tarsal bone of ostriches (Struthio camelus) – a digital analysis. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2008;52:285–9.
Google Scholar
Shim MY, Karnuah AB, Mitchell AD, Anthony NB, Pesti GM, Aggrey SE. The effects of growth rate on leg morphology and tibia breaking strength, mineral density, mineral content, and bone ash in broilers. Poult Sci. 2012;91:1790–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tatara MR. Current methods for in vivo assessment of the skeletal system in poultry. Med Weter. 2006;62:266–9.
Google Scholar
Tatara MR, Sierant-Rozmiej N, Krupski W, Majcher P, Śliwa E, Kowalik S, et al. Quantitative computed tomography for the assessment of mineralization of the femur and tibia in turkeys. Med Weter. 2005;61:225–8.
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Cooper RG, Pierzchała M, Horbańczuk JO. Computed tomographic analysis of tibiotarsal bone mineral density and content in turkeys as influenced by age and sex. Czech J Anim Sci. 2012;57:573–80.
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Dzierzęcka M, Biesiada-Drzazga B. Evaluation of densitometric and geometric parameters of tibiotarsal bones in turkeys. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2012;56:379–84.
Article
Google Scholar
Poulos Jr PW. Tibial dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) in the turkey. A morphologic investigation. Acta Radiol. 1978;358:197–227.
Google Scholar
Wyers M, Chekel Y, Plassiart G. Late clinical expression of lameness related to associated osteomyelitis and tibial dyschondroplasia in male breeding turkeys. Avian Dis. 1991;35:408–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lynch MM, Thorp BH, Withehead CC. Avian tibial dyschondroplasia as a cause of bone deformity. Avian Pathol. 1992;21:275–85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rath NC, Bayyari GR, Beasley JN, Huff WE, Balog JM. Age-related changes in the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in turkeys. Poult Sci. 1994;73:1254–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crespo R, Stover SM, Droual R, Chin RP, Shivaprasad HL. Femoral fractures in a young male turkey breeder flock. Avian Dis. 1999;43:150–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crespo R, Stover SM, Taylor KT, Chin RP, Shivaprasad HL. Morphometric and mechanical properties of femora in young adult male turkeys with and without femoral fractures. Poult Sci. 2000;79:602–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Dzierzecka M, Majchrzak T, Czerwinski E, Cooper RG. Computer-generated radiological imagery of the structure of the spongious substance in the postnatal development of the tibiotarsal bones of the Peking domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domestica). Poult Sci. 2011;90:830–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Cooper RG. Computed tomographic and densitometric analysis of tibiotarsal bone mineral density and content in postnatal Peking ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domestica) as influenced by age and sex. Pol J Vet Sci. 2012;15:537–45.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olkowski AA, Laarveld B, Wojnarowicz C, Chirino-Trejo M, Chapman D, Wysokinski TW. Biochemical and physiological weaknesses associated with the pathogenesis of femoral bone degeneration in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 2011;40:639–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Dzierzecka M, Komosa M, Kalinowski Ł, Pierzchała M. Age- and sex-related differences of morphometric, densitometric and geometric parameters of tibiotarsal bone in Ross broiler chickens. Folia Biol (Krakow). 2013;61:211–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Charuta A, Dzierzecka M, Czerwiński E, Cooper RG, Horbańczuk JO. Sex- and age-related changes of trabecular bone of tibia in growing domestic geese (Anser domesticus). Folia Biol (Krakow). 2012;60:205–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Tatara MR, Majcher P, Krupski W, Studziński T. Volumetric bone density, morphological and mechanical properties of femur and tibia in farm turkeys with leg deformities. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2004;48:169–72.
Google Scholar
Tatara MR, Pierzynowski SG, Majcher P, Krupski W, Brodzki A, Studziński T. Effect of Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) on mineralisation, morphology and mechanical endurance of femur and tibia in turkey. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2004;48:305–9.
Google Scholar
Kozłowski K, Jankowski J, Jeroch H. Efficacy of Escherichia coli-derived phytase on performance, bone mineralization and nutrient digestibility in meat-type turkeys. Vet Med Zoot. 2010;52:59–66.
Google Scholar
Applegate TJ, Webel DM, Lei XG. Efficacy of a phytase derived from Escherichia coli and expressed in yeast on phosphorus utilization and bone mineralization in turkey poults. Poult Sci. 2003;82:1726–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Angel R, Saylor WW, Mitchell AD, Powers W, Applegate TJ. Effect of dietary phosphorus, phytase, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler chicken bone mineralization, litter phosphorus, and processing yields. Poult Sci. 2006;85:1200–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pirgozliev V, Acamovic T, Bedford MR. The effects of previous exposure to dietary microbial phytase on the endogenous excretions of energy, nitrogen and minerals from turkeys. Br Poult Sci. 2011;52:66–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar