Stevenson K, Alvarez J, Bakker D, Biet F, de Juan L, Denham S, et al. Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis across host species and European countries with evidence for transmission between wildlife and domestic ruminants. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:212.
Article
Google Scholar
Ayele WY, Machackova M, Pavlik I. The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants. Vet Med. 2001;46(7–8):205–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Roller M, Hansen S, Bohlken-Fascher S, Knauf-Witzens T, Czerny CP, Goethe R. Abd El Wahed a: molecular and serological footprints of Mycobacterium avium subspecies infections in zoo animals. Vet Sci. 2020;7(3):117.
Article
Google Scholar
Miller MA, Davey SC, Van Helden LS, Kettner F, Weltan SM, Last R, et al. Paratuberculosis in a domestic dog in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2017;88(1):1–5.
Google Scholar
Uzoigwe JC, Khaitsa ML, Gibbs PS. Epidemiological evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135(7):1057–68.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
McNees AL, Markesich D, Zayyani NR, Graham DY. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn’s disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9(12):1523–34.
Article
Google Scholar
Elmagzoub WA, Idris SM, Isameldin M, Arabi N, Abdo A, Ibrahim M, et al. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and microbiome profile of patients in a referral gastrointestinal diseases Centre in the Sudan. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0266533.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hasonova L, Pavlik I. Economic impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds: a review. Vet Med. 2006;51(5):193.
Article
Google Scholar
Garcia AB, Shalloo L. Invited review: the economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98(8):5019–39.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kirkeby C, Graesboll K, Nielsen SS, Christiansen LE, Toft N, Rattenborg E, et al. Simulating the epidemiological and economic impact of Paratuberculosis control actions in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci. 2016;3:90.
Article
Google Scholar
Losinger WC. Economic impact of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA. J Dairy Res. 2005;72(4):425–32.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tiwari A, VanLeeuwen JA, Dohoo IR, Keefe GP, Weersink A. Estimate of the direct production losses in Canadian dairy herds with subclinical Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Can Vet J. 2008;49(6):569.
Google Scholar
Woodbury MR, Chirino-Trejo M, Mihajlovic B. Diagnostic detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in white-tailed deer. The. Can Vet J. 2008;49(7):683.
Google Scholar
Mohana MV, Praveen Kumar PSB. Paratuberculosis: diagnostic methods and their constraints. J Veterinar Sci Technol. 2015;06(05):1000259.
Article
Google Scholar
Hahn N, Failing K, Eisenberg T, Schlez K, Zschock PM, Donat K, et al. Evaluation of different diagnostic methods for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in boot swabs and liquid manure samples. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):259.
Article
Google Scholar
Doré E, Paré J, Côté G, Buczinski S, Labrecque O, Roy J, et al. Risk factors associated with transmission of M ycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(1):32–45.
Article
Google Scholar
Cashman W, Buckley J, Quigley T, Fanning S, More S, Egan J, et al. Risk factors for the introduction and within-herd transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection on 59 Irish dairy herds. Ir Vet J. 2008;61(7):1–4.
Article
Google Scholar
Tiwari A, VanLeeuwen J, Dohoo I, Keefe G, Haddad J, Scott H, et al. Risk factors associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis seropositivity in Canadian dairy cows and herds. Prev Vet Med. 2009;88(1):32–41.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Vilar AL, Santos CS, Pimenta CL, Freitas TD, Brasil AW, Clementino IJ, et al. Herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in the state of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. Prev Vet Med. 2015;121(1–2):49–55.
Article
Google Scholar
Okuni JB, Hansen S, Eltom KH, Eltayeb E, Amanzada A, Omega JA, et al. Paratuberculosis: a potential zoonosis and a neglected disease in Africa. Microorganisms. 2020;8(7):1007.
Article
Google Scholar
Okuni JB, Loukopoulos P, Reinacher M, Ojok L. Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis antibodies in cattle from Wakiso, Mpigi and Luwero districts in Uganda. Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2011;3(3):156–60.
Google Scholar
Erume J, Mutebi F. The prevalence and risk factors of Para tuberculosis in indigenous and exotic cattle in Wakiso and Masaka districts, Uganda. Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2012;4(4):244–51.
Google Scholar
Abdellrazeq G, El-Naggar M, Khaliel S, Gamal-Eldin A. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from cattle and buffaloes in Egypt using traditional culture, serological and molecular based methods. Veterinary World. 2014;7(8):586–93.
Elmagzoub WA, Adam NM, Idris SM, Mukhtar ME, Abdelaziz SA, Okuni JB, et al. Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle in Khartoum state, Sudan. Vet Sci. 2020;7(4):209.
Article
Google Scholar
Singh SV, Singh AV, Singh R, Sharma S, Shukla N, Misra S, et al. Sero-prevalence of bovine Johne's disease in buffaloes and cattle population of North India using indigenous ELISA kit based on native Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 'Bison type' genotype of goat origin. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;31(5):419–33.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Singh S, Singh A, Singh P, Sohal J, Mahour K. Sero-surveillance of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in domestic livestock in North India using indigenous absorbed ELISA test. J Adv Lab Res Biol. 2010;1(1):1–4.
Google Scholar
Chaubey KK, Singh SV, Gupta S, Singh M, Sohal JS, Kumar N, et al. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - an important food borne pathogen of high public health significance with special reference to India: an update. Vet Q. 2017;37(1):282–99.
Article
Google Scholar
Verdugo C, Toft N, Nielsen SS. Within-and between-herd prevalence variation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among control programme herds in Denmark (2011–2013). Prev Vet Med. 2015;121(3–4):282–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Yamamoto T, Murai K, Hayama Y, Kobayashi S, Nagata R, Kawaji S, et al. Sakakibara S-i, Tsutsui T: evaluation of fecal shedding and antibody response in dairy cattle infected with paratuberculosis using national surveillance data in Japan. Prev Vet Med. 2018;149:38–46.
Article
Google Scholar
Momotani E. Epidemiological situation and control strategies for paratuberculosis in Japan. Jpn J Vet Res. 2012;60(Supplement):S19–29.
Google Scholar
Olsen I, Sigurgardottir G, Djonne B. Paratuberculosis with special reference to cattle. A review Vet Q. 2002;24(1):12–28.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mitchell RM, Schukken Y, Koets A, Weber M, Bakker D, Stabel J, et al. Differences in intermittent and continuous fecal shedding patterns between natural and experimental Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in cattle. Vet Res. 2015;46:66.
Article
Google Scholar
Clark DL, Koziczkowski JJ, Radcliff RP, Carlson RA, Ellingson JLE. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: comparing fecal culture versus serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct fecal polymerase chain reaction. J Dairy Sci. 2008;91(7):2620–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Elsohaby I, Fayez M, Alkafafy M, Refaat M, Al-Marri T, Alaql FA, et al. Serological and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Animals. 2021;11(2):323.
Article
Google Scholar
Wells SJ, Collins MT, Faaberg KS, Wees C, Tavornpanich S, Petrini KR, et al. Evaluation of a rapid fecal PCR test for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13(10):1125–30.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hansen S, Schafer J, Fechner K, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0168733.
Article
Google Scholar
Sweeney RW. Pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2011;27(3):537–46 v.
Article
Google Scholar
Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract [www.ubos.org]. Access date 21/10/2022.
Abramson JH. WINPEPI updated: computer programs for epidemiologists, and their teaching potential. Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2011;8(1):1.
Article
Google Scholar
Hansen S, Roller M, Alslim LMA, Bohlken-Fascher S, Fechner K, Czerny CP, et al. Development of rapid extraction method of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA from bovine stool samples. Diagnostics (Basel). 2019;9(2):36.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Epitools, Epidemiological Calculations [http://epitools.ausvet.com.au.]. Access date 02/06/2022.
Reiczigel J, Foldi J, Ozsvari L. Exact confidence limits for prevalence of a disease with an imperfect diagnostic test. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(11):1674–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
McCormick J, Chebanier S, Djuranovic N, Estey L. Validation of a new IDEXX Johne's antibody ELISA for use on Milk samples. In: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, vol. 2010; 2010. p. 241.
Google Scholar