Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. are important human and animal pathogens worldwide. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne. However infections are also reported through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farms or other public, professional or private settings [1]. Incidents of human salmonellosis in Europe (EU) are relatively common (EU notification rate of 23.4 cases per 100,000) and most are attributed to the consumption of contaminated foods (55%) but fairly high percentages are linked to environmental sources (13%) and even to direct animal contact (9%) [2]. Likewise, pets are also susceptible to Salmonella infection, but no known data or studies estimating salmonellosis cases in pets are available.

Of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria, Salmonella spp. is found in the feline intestinal tract [3–5]; salmonellosis is uncommon in cats, often, favoured by host immunosuppression [6]. Cats are primarily infected subclinically, but gastrointestinal disease manifested as enterocolitis and endotoxemia can occur and is initially associated with fever, malaise, and anorexia followed by vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea [7]. Abortion, stillbirth, meningoencephalitis, respiratory distress and conjunctivitis have also been described [6, 8]; the disease manifestations range from mild self-limited diarrhoea to potential and fatal gastroenteritis and septicaemia [9].

Salmonella prevalence among cats is variable and similar in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic cats, with shedding rates from 0 to 8.6% in diarrhoeic cats and from 0 to 14% in non-diarrhoeic cats [7, 10–12]. However, higher prevalence rates are found in stray or shelter dogs/cats and in dogs fed with raw food diets with the odds of shedding Salmonella estimated to be 23 times greater for dogs fed with raw food diets than those given commercial diets [13–16].

Feeding raw diets to domestic cats is becoming increasingly popular and today there are many options for owners who wish to change their feeding practices. Recipes for home-made raw food diets are widely available and commercial frozen food diets are also sold at some pet stores and veterinary clinics. The main ingredients of these products are raw meat, mainly poultry and beef, vegetables, grains and fruits [17]. As these diets do not undergo any type of heat processing or sterilization, existing bacteria and parasites can be present at the time of consumption [15] so both commercial and home-made raw meat-based diets (RMBD) are at risk of contamination with pathogens including Salmonella spp. [17, 18].

Salmonella spp. are transmitted directly or indirectly by the faecal-oral route [13]. Sources of infection with Salmonella spp. for indoor cats include the ingestion of raw meat and some processed food, while outdoor cats are at risk from scavenging and hunting rodents and birds, exposure to reptiles and environmental contamination [8, 9, 17, 19]. However, large-scale epidemiological studies assessing Salmonella spp. and their risk factors are lacking with only one report to date describing two cases of feline salmonellosis in a multicat household fed with a home-made contaminated beef RMBD [9].

This report describes two highly suspected cases of feline salmonellosis in two cats from the same household fed with RMBD and identifies a likely source of the Salmonella cases.

Diarrhoea is common in domestic cats, occurring as a result of gastrointestinal disease (including dietary causes, gastrointestinal infection, inflammation or neoplasia) or extra-intestinal disease, and the diagnosis can be frustrating for clinicians and owners alike [3]. The traditional diagnosis of feline salmonellosis is based on the isolation of Salmonella spp. in conjunction with clinical signs and assessment of the potential risk factors because the isolation of Salmonella from cats alone can be insufficient [7]. In this report, the culture results of RMBD, the clinical signs of the two cats, the detection of Salmonella spp. DNA in cat number 2 and the exclusion of other potential aetiological agents (with the exception of C. perfringens toxin A gene detection) suggest this is a case of salmonellosis.

In relation to the C. perfringens toxin A gene detected in the faeces of case number 2, C. perfringens biotype A is the most common genotype in dogs and cats and part of the normal canine intestinal microflora [7]. Its role as an enteropathogen is not fully understood and it is suspected to be associated with anything from mild, self-limiting diarrhoea to rapidly fatal necrohaemorrhagic enteritis. Most studies indicate this as a primary enteropathogen but some authors suggest it could act as an opportunistic agent in dogs and cats [20]. Disruption of the normal microbiota, such as a sudden change to a high protein diet, or enteric infection by other pathogens, like parvovirus, are considered predisposing factors in dogs [11, 21]. Diagnosis of C. perfringens type A associated diarrhoea in companion animals is challenging because the clinical signs cannot be differentiated from enteritis caused by other enteropathogens. Recent studies correlating the presence of cpe in feces with diarrhoea in dogs suggest that the detection of this toxin in stool samples could be useful to diagnose C. perfringens type A-associated diarrhoea. However, no study has confirmed the role of the C. perfringens enterotoxin in dogs and both enterotoxin and isolates positive for the cpe gene can be found in healthy dogs, so these methods could suggest that C. perfringens is involved, but they are not confirmatory [20]. Similar observations are reported to explain the results from the IDEEX available for case no. 2. The notes linked to cpa and cpe laboratory results highlight that the presence of the DNA of the C. perfringens alpha toxin over 300,000 copies/g could be implicated in the clinical signs but, in case of cpe copies under the limit or absent, as in our case, it is unlikely that cpa is the cause of diarrhoea and definitely not cpe. All these aspects led us to speculate that a co-infection was responsible. It is important to note that unlike studies in dogs, no association has been found between diarrhoea and detection of the enterotoxin in stool samples or detection of cpe in C. perfringens strains isolated from cats. Hence, the diagnosis should be based only on the isolation of C. perfringens (positive or negative for cpe) in conjunction with the absence of other enteropathogens [20].

The detection of Salmonella spp. DNA in case number 2 faeces and the isolation of Salmonella in the commercial RMBD support the hypothesis of a Salmonella infection caused by the consumption of contaminated RMBD. However, no cultural examinations were performed in faeces of the two cats to avoid isolates from animals and feed being characterized by a discriminative typing method, therefore representing a major limitation of our findings. Considering that the sources of Salmonella exposure are dependent on whether cats are indoor or outdoor pets [17] and that both cats were households pets with no contact with other animals or the outside environment, the most likely source of exposure is consumption of food contaminated with Salmonella. In this context, veterinary practitioners should be trained and encouraged on the need for faecal culture in case of positive PCR findings in order to optimize the identification and management of enteropathogenic bacteria in companion animals [7].

In recent years, RBMD has become an increasingly popular trend in unconventional pet food [16] even if raw meat is frequently contaminated with Salmonella [22] thereby posing health risks to both animals and owners. A recent Canadian study estimated Salmonella prevalence in canine RMBD at approximately 21% with a higher prevalence in raw food diets containing chicken compared with other meat types [23]. Several Salmonella-related recalls of raw foods have been reported in recent years, including frozen cat food in the USA [1], in contrast with the decreased Salmonella prevalence in dry feeds [24]. Raw food is well-known to pose a substantial risk of infectious disease to the pet, the pet’s environment and the humans in the household, but there are no data on the number of dogs and cats that have become ill after eating contaminated food, or the percentage of pet owners who feed commercial or prepared RMBDs [18]. To date, only one report associated the infection with raw diet and the infection was fatal in cats [9].

Raw food diets for companion animals could represent a potential pet-associated source of Salmonella spp. in humans. Several reports in the literature have documented Salmonella spp. transmission from cats to humans by household and occupational contact [1] but no confirmed cases of human salmonellosis have been associated with raw food diets [23]. In any case, owners who decide to feed animals with RMBD should take strict precautions to avoid direct or indirect transmission, also considering the close relationship that most owners have with their pets.

This report suggests that RMBD should be fed to pets with caution as they could lead to infection, especially in animals with impaired host immune defences. Veterinary practitioners should educate pet owners about the zoonotic risks although the risk to human health remains unquantified.