Fry DE. Sepsis, systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ dysfunction: the mystery continues. Am Surg. 2012;78(1):1–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peters K, Unger RE, Brunner J, Kirkpatrick CJ. Molecular basis of endothelial dysfunction in sepsis. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60(1):49–57.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, Sumi Y, Sursal T, Junger W, Brohi K, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ. Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature. 2010;464(7285):104–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Seeley EJ, Matthay MA, Wolters PJ. Inflection points in sepsis biology: from local defense to systemic organ injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;303(5):L355–363.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hack CE, Zeerleder S. The endothelium in sepsis: source of and a target for inflammation. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(7 Suppl):S21–27.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ. Innate Immunity. In: Austin P, Lawrance E, editors. Immunobiology. 5th ed. New York City: New York Garland Publishing; 2001. p. 35–91.
Google Scholar
MacKay RJ. Endotoxemia. In: Smith BP, editor. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 4th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. p. 711–23.
Google Scholar
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(2):165–228.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jacobsen S, Niewold TA, Halling-Thomsen M, Nanni S, Olsen E, Lindegaard C, Andersen PH. Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and synovial fluid in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced arthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006;110(3-4):325–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palmer JL, Bertone AL. Experimentally-induced synovitis as a model for acute synovitis in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1994;26(6):492–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Campebell RC, Peiró JR, Valadão CAA, Santana AE, Cunha FQ. Effects of lidocaine on lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in horses. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2004;56:281–91.
Article
Google Scholar
Hulten C, Gronlund U, Hirvonen J, Tulamo RM, Suominen MM, Marhaug G, Forsberg M. Dynamics in serum of the inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, fibrinogen and alpha2-globulins during induced noninfectious arthritis in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2002;34(7):699–704.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Christoffersen M, Baagoe CD, Jacobsen S, Bojesen AM, Petersen MR, Lehn-Jensen H. Evaluation of the systemic acute phase response and endometrial gene expression of serum amyloid A and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mares with experimentally induced endometritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010;138(1-2):95–105.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Netea MG, Kullberg BJ, Van der Meer JW. Circulating cytokines as mediators of fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31 Suppl 5:S178–184.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
von Vietinghoff S, Ley K. Homeostatic regulation of blood neutrophil counts. J Immunol. 2008;181(8):5183–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Christopher MJ, Link DC. Regulation of neutrophil homeostasis. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(1):3–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):448–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lohmann KL, Barton MH. Endotoxemia. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellom DC, editors. Equine Internal Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 807–23.
Google Scholar
Andonegui G, Goyert SM, Kubes P. Lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions: a role for CD14 versus toll-like receptor 4 within microvessels. J Immunol. 2002;169(4):2111–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stockham SL, Scott MA. Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2010.
Google Scholar
Henriquez-Camacho C, Losa J. Biomarkers for sepsis. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:547818.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lichtenstern C, Brenner T, Bardenheuer HJ, Weigand MA. Predictors of survival in sepsis: what is the best inflammatory marker to measure? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012;25(3):328–36.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Calvano SE, Xiao W, Richards DR, Felciano RM, Baker HV, Cho RJ, Chen RO, Brownstein BH, Cobb JP, Tschoeke SK et al. A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans. Nature. 2005;437(7061):1032–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Talwar S, Munson PJ, Barb J, Fiuza C, Cintron AP, Logun C, Tropea M, Khan S, Reda D, Shelhamer JH et al. Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes after endotoxin challenge in humans. Physiol Genomics. 2006;25(2):203–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nieto JE, MacDonald MH, Braim AE, Aleman M. Effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in normal horses in vivo. Equine Vet J. 2009;41(7):717–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fossum C, Hjertner B, Olofsson KM, Lindberg R, Ahooghalandari P, Camargo MM, Brojer J, Edner A, Nostell K. Expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 in equine blood leukocytes during endotoxin infusion and in intestinal tissues from healthy horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012;150(3-4):141–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tadros EM, Frank N. Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2012;73(9):1394–402.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vinther AM, Skovgaard K, Heegaard PM, Andersen PH. Dynamic expression of leukocyte innate immune genes in whole blood from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:134.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aiello SEE. The Merck veterinary manual. 8th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co., Inc; 1998.
Google Scholar
Holcombe SJ, Jacobs CC, Cook VL, Gandy JC, Hauptman JG, Sordillo LM. Duration of in vivo endotoxin tolerance in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2016;173:10–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anonymous. Definition and classification of lameness. In: Guide for Veterinary Service and Judging of Equestrian Events. 4th ed. Lexington: American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1991. p. 19.
Google Scholar
Schroeder A, Mueller O, Stocker S, Salowsky R, Leiber M, Gassmann M, Lightfoot S, Menzel W, Granzow M, Ragg T. The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. BMC Mol Biol. 2006;7:3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Skovgaard K, Cirera S, Vasby D, Podolska A, Breum SO, Durrwald R, Schlegel M, Heegaard PM. Expression of innate immune genes, proteins and microRNAs in lung tissue of pigs infected experimentally with influenza virus (H1N2). Innate Immun. 2013;19(5):531–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen CL, Jensen JL, Orntoft TF. Normalization of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data: a model-based variance estimation approach to identify genes suited for normalization, applied to bladder and colon cancer data sets. Cancer Res. 2004;64(15):5245–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, Speleman F. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 2002;3(7):RESEARCH0034.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bergkvist A, Rusnakova V, Sindelka R, Garda JM, Sjogreen B, Lindh D, Forootan A, Kubista M. Gene expression profiling--Clusters of possibilities. Methods. 2010;50(4):323–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kubista M, Andrade JM, Bengtsson M, Forootan A, Jonak J, Lind K, Sindelka R, Sjoback R, Sjogreen B, Strombom L et al. The real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mol Asp Med. 2006;27(2-3):95–125.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
McIlwraith CW. Diagnosis of joint disease. In: Stashak TS, editor. Adam’s lameness in horses. 5th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 479–88.
Google Scholar
Bussieres G, Jacques C, Lainay O, Beauchamp G, Leblond A, Cadore JL, Desmaizieres LM, Cuvelliez SG, Troncy E. Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses. Res Vet Sci. 2008;85(2):294–306.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell MR, Campbell NB, Davis JL, Marshall JF, Blikslager AT. Anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously administered lidocaine hydrochloride on ischemia-injured jejunum in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(10):1259–68.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Christoffersen M, Woodward E, Bojesen AM, Jacobsen S, Petersen MR, Troedsson MH, Lehn-Jensen H. Inflammatory responses to induced infectious endometritis in mares resistant or susceptible to persistent endometritis. BMC Vet Res. 2012;8:41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bauer N, Mensinger S, Daube G, Failing K, Moritz A. A moderate aseptic local inflammation does not induce a significant systemic inflammatory response. Res Vet Sci. 2012;93(1):321–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Horst K, Eschbach D, Pfeifer R, Hubenthal S, Sassen M, Steinfeldt T, Wulf H, Ruchholtz S, Pape HC, Hildebrand F. Local inflammation in fracture hematoma: results from a combined trauma model in pigs. Mediat Inflamm. 2015;2015:126060.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kobbe P, Vodovotz Y, Kaczorowski DJ, Billiar TR, Pape HC. The role of fracture-associated soft tissue injury in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ dysfunction after bilateral femur fracture. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22(6):385–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grigoryev DN, Liu M, Hassoun HT, Cheadle C, Barnes KC, Rabb H. The local and systemic inflammatory transcriptome after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(3):547–58.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jacobsen S, Andersen PH, Toelboell T, Heegaard PM. Dose dependency and individual variability of the lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine acute phase protein response. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(10):3330–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merrell DS, Falkow S. Frontal and stealth attack strategies in microbial pathogenesis. Nature. 2004;430(6996):250–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, Brazier J, Frost E, McDonald LC. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1079–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McKenzie H, Reid N, Dijkhuizen RS. Clinical and microbiological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49(4):361–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stuber F, Petersen M, Bokelmann F, Schade U. A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(3):381–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PM. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet Res. 2004;35(2):163–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jacobsen S, Andersen PH. The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of inflammation in horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 2007;19:36–46.
Google Scholar
Belgrave RL, Dickey MM, Arheart KL, Cray C. Assessment of serum amyloid A testing of horses and its clinical application in a specialized equine practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;243(1):113–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castagnetti C, Mariella J, Pirrone A, Cinotti S, Mari G, Peli A. Expression of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-8, and interferon-gamma in blood samples obtained from healthy and sick neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res. 2012;73(9):1418–27.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eady JJ, Wortley GM, Wormstone YM, Hughes JC, Astley SB, Foxall RJ, Doleman JF, Elliott RM. Variation in gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. Physiol Genomics. 2005;22(3):402–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Skibsted S, Bhasin MK, Aird WC, Shapiro NI. Bench-to-bedside review: future novel diagnostics for sepsis - a systems biology approach. Crit Care. 2013;17(5):231.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Prabhakar U, Conway TM, Murdock P, Mooney JL, Clark S, Hedge P, Bond BC, Jazwinska EC, Barnes MR, Tobin F et al. Correlation of protein and gene expression profiles of inflammatory proteins after endotoxin challenge in human subjects. DNA Cell Biol. 2005;24(7):410–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tadros EM, Frank N, Donnell RL. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion. Am J Vet Res. 2013;74(7):1010–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gold JR, Cohen ND, Welsh Jr TH. Association of adrenocorticotrophin and cortisol concentrations with peripheral blood leukocyte cytokine gene expression in septic and nonseptic neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(3):654–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gold JR, Perkins GA, Erb HN, Ainsworth DM. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from septic and healthy neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(3):482–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Mapes S, Leutenegger CM. Expression of molecular markers in blood of neonatal foals with sepsis. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67(6):1045–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;45(2):27–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Krumrych W, Dabrowska J, Danek J, Soszynski D. Endotoxin tolerance in horses - clinical observations. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 1998;42(2):143–50.
Google Scholar
Dumeaux V, Olsen KS, Nuel G, Paulssen RH, Borresen-Dale AL, Lund E. Deciphering normal blood gene expression variation--the NOWAC postgenome study. PLoS Genet. 2010;6(3):e1000873.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gruden K, Hren M, Herman A, Blejec A, Albrecht T, Selbig J, Bauer C, Schuchardt J, Or-Guil M, Zupancic K et al. A “crossomics” study analysing variability of different components in peripheral blood of healthy caucasoid individuals. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e28761.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hooijberg EH, van den Hoven R, Tichy A, Schwendenwein I. Diagnostic and predictive capability of routine laboratory tests for the diagnosis and staging of equine inflammatory disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(5):1587–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar