Within seasonal grassland-based, spring-calving suckler beef production systems calves are generally allowed continuous and unlimited nursing of the dam for approximately 6 to 8 months until weaning at the end of the grazing season. Husbandry management practices, including weaning and housing, form integral components of these beef production systems, and often expose beef cattle to novel environmental, physical and psychological stressors. Research measuring stress-related variables in cattle has focused on parturition [1], routine handling [2, 3], mixing with unfamiliar cattle [4, 5], transportation [6, 7], restrictive space allowance during indoor housing [8], and weaning of the calf [9]. However, limited research has examined weaning stress in the cow. The effect of weaning on concentration of cortisol in the cow is equivocal with no change [10] and an increase [11] reported. Furthermore, these studies were limited up to 48 h and 6 d post-weaning, respectively. Extended effects of weaning on physiological and immunological responses were found in beef calves [12] but have not been examined in beef cows.

At the end of the grazing season in autumn, weaned cows are typically housed indoors over the winter period [13, 14]. In beef cattle, housing research has focused on the effect of varying space allowance [8, 15], and floor type [16, 17] on production and behavioural responses. There is limited data available on the effects of moving animals from an outdoor grazing environment to indoor accommodation in slatted floor sheds. Previously grazed cows that were tethered during indoor housing had increased concentration of cortisol for up to 7 days post-housing [18]. Research on the extended effect of indoor housing on other stress related variables is warranted.

Therefore, the objectives of the study were to characterise the extended physiological (rectal body temperature, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), total leukocyte number and differentials, red blood cell number (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (HGB), haematocrit percentage (HCT)), and immunological (interferon (IFN)-γ production and acute phase proteins) responses in beef cows to i.) abrupt weaning and ii.) subsequent housing.

To our knowledge, no other study has characterised the extended physiological, haematological and immunological responses in beef cows to abrupt weaning or subsequent housing. The effect of post-weaning management practice [previously grazed calves, were abruptly weaned (mean age of calf (s.d.) 212 (24.5) d), and either immediately housed in a slatted floor shed or returned to the grazing area for 35 d and then housed] on physiological and immunological responses in the progeny of the cows used in the present study was also measured up to d 35 post-weaning and d 21 post-housing [12]. Behavioural research to date has shown that breaking the mother-offspring bond alone represents a stressful experience for both mother and young [19]. Following separation from their calves, beef cows generally exhibit similar, less intense, reinstatement behaviours (increased locomotor activity and vocalisations) to their young, in an effort to reunite [20]. Consequently, no behavioural measurements were examined as part of this study.

The milk yield of the cow breed type (beef × dairy) used in the present study remains relatively high at weaning [21] and milk would have constituted a significant proportion of the calves' total diet. There is no information in the literature on the extent to which drying off induces a systemic inflammatory response in beef cows, however, there is considerable literature on systemic and local inflammatory responses during mastitis in dairy cows [22–26]. During the drying off period, the mammary gland continues to synthesise and secrete milk which accumulates in the gland. An increase in intra-alveolar pressure as a result of milk accumulation is thought to trigger involution. Involution-associated ultrastructural changes in bovine mammary cells are reported to commence within 48 hours after cessation of milk removal [27, 28] and by day 28 the collapsed alveolar structures remaining are considerably smaller than during lactation. In cows, the alveolar structure is maintained throughout involution and there is no evidence for extensive tissue degeneration that is found in other species, such as rodents [29, 30]. The impact of mammary cell apoptosis in the bovine is not fully characterised. In the present study, all animals were monitored daily and no signs of ill-health were recorded which suggests that there was no underlying systemic infection. The small increase in rectal body temperature recorded post-weaning was not of clinical significance [31].

In accord with the findings of [10], where cows were separated from their calves when calves were 4 to 6 months of age, weaning was not associated with increased plasma cortisol concentration in cows. In contrast, [11] using more frequent blood sampling collection time points relative to cow-calf separation than those used in our study, these authors reported increased concentration of cortisol in cows that were separated from their calves 35 days post-partum. The large difference in age at weaning may account for the disparity in cortisol response observed between these studies. The absence of an effect of housing on cortisol concentration contrasts with the findings of [18] who reported an increase in concentration in previously grazed cows that were housed. However, in the latter study, cows were tethered, whereas in the present study cows were loose-housed in pens. In the present study, concentration of DHEA was not affected by weaning. This hormone is episodically co-secreted with cortisol from the adrenal gland and is also a potential precursor for androgen and oestrogen synthesis in cattle [32]. Post-housing, concentration of DHEA decreased without a concomitant increase in cortisol. Increased cortisol: DHEA ratio was reported in lame dairy cows [33] and following transportation of young bulls [34] and was suggested as a potential biomarker of stress. The unaltered cortisol: DHEA ratio found in the present study suggests that the practice of weaning and housing were insufficient to elicit a physiological stress response, whereby a shift occurred in the steroidogenic pathway towards cortisol at the expense of DHEA. Further research investigating the use of cortisol: DHEA ratio as a biomarker of stress is warranted.

Peripheral blood cells are sensitive indicators of patho-physiological responses and may be used to define subclinical disease states in cattle [35]. Alterations in circulating leukocyte subsets have been documented in beef cattle under various management practices such as restricted space allowance during housing of steers [15], transportation of bulls [7], and weaning of calves [12, 36]. In agreement with the latter studies using calves, increased neutrophil number and decreased lymphocyte number (increased N:L ratio), was evident in cows post-weaning. The magnitude of the increase in neutrophil number was higher (33% versus 18%) on d 2 post-weaning compared with d 2 post-housing in cows. The changes observed in red blood cell number, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit percentage in cows were negligible suggesting that there were no negative consequences of weaning or housing on these variables.

The decrease in IFN-γ production on d 2 compared with pre-weaning baseline was consistent with the findings of [12] who weaned calves and returned them to pasture and with [9] and [12] using weaned calves that were immediately housed. In the present study, the relative decrease in PHA-induced IFN-γ production on d 2 post-weaning may be a consequence of decreased lymphocyte number. An absence of a decrease in PHA-induced and Con A-induced IFN-γ production in cows on d 2 post-housing suggests that housing was insufficient to elicit a stress response, and these findings are consistent with [12] who reported unchanged IFN-γ production post-housing in calves that were previously grazed. While lymphocyte number was decreased on d 2 post-housing, in the present study, there was no associated reduction in PHA-induced or Con A-induced IFN-γ production, suggesting that the function of the cells to produce IFN-γ was not impaired.

Overall, these results suggest that cows were more sensitive to the effects of weaning than to the effects of housing due to the less marked neutrophil response and unchanged IFN-γ production observed post-housing. Cows may also be less sensitive to weaning- and housing-associated stress, as indicated by the relatively lower change in neutrophil number and IFN-γ production, compared with their calves [12].

Post-weaning, cows had increased concentrations of plasma fibrinogen and haptoglobin, which is in agreement with the results obtained for calves following abrupt weaning [12]. Following housing, no clear trend was evident for the acute phase protein response. The response post-housing may have been influenced by the change in dietary crude protein concentration.

Blood metabolite concentrations indicate the extent of metabolism of energy, protein and other nutrients and thus, can provide information on the nutritional status of cattle. Typically, stressful events result in reduced feed intake and depletion of energy stores in cattle [31]. In the present study, weaning and subsequent housing caused transient changes in blood metabolites. Increased concentration of glucose is often attributed to glycogenolysis, which is associated with increased catecholamines and glucocorticoid secretion at the onset of a stressor [37]. However, due to the unaltered cortisol response throughout the study, it is unlikely that the increased concentration of glucose is solely a consequence of weaning as a stressor, but rather an indication of a more positive nutritional status in the cow due to the cessation of nursing. Generally, higher concentrations of NEFA and βHB and lower concentrations of glucose are associated with negative energy balance in beef cows [38]. Thus, the opposing trend of concentrations of plasma glucose and NEFA suggests that removal of the calf from the cow resulted in a more positive nutritional state in the cow.

Under the conditions of the present study, animal was the experimental unit and was specified as a repeated measures effect in the statistical analysis and most of the physiological and immunological variables which changed as a consequence of i) weaning and ii) housing had recovered to baseline values on completion of the study. In the present study, while changes were found in physiological and immunological variables in response to weaning and subsequent housing, the values were within the normal physiological ranges for cattle [35, 39–41].

In conclusion, abrupt weaning results in neutrophilia and lymphopaenia coupled with reduced in vitro lymphocyte production of IFN-γ and increased acute phase protein response suggesting that weaning elicited a transitory stress response in first parity beef cows. Post-housing, transitory neutrophilia and lymphopaenia were evident, however unchanged total leukocyte number and IFN-γ production and the lack of a clear trend in the acute phase protein response indicates that housing did not elicit a stress response as great as weaning in the beef cow.

Data was analysed as 2 separate datasets relative to management practice: i.) weaning (d 0 to d 35), and ii.) subsequent housing (d 0 to d 21). Each dataset was analysed as repeated measures using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (Version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with an unstructured covariance matrix within animal. Breed (Limousin × Holstein-Friesian and Simmental × Holstein-Friesian) and sampling time were listed in the model statement. Breed was not significant and was excluded from the final model. Least squares means were estimated and differences between least squares means were tested using the PDIFF option in SAS. A probability of P < 0.05 was chosen as the level of significance.