Alexander DJ: A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet Microbiol. 2000, 74: 3-13. 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00160-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tong S, Zhu X, Li Y, Shi M, Zhang J, Bourgeois M, Yang H, Chen X, Recuenco S, Gomez J, Chen L-M, Johnson A, Tao Y, Dreyfus C, Yu W, McBride R, Carney PJ, Gilbert AT, Chang J, Guo Z, Davis CT, Paulson JC, Stevens J, Rupprecht CE, Holmes EC, Wilson IA, Donis RO: New world bats harbor diverse influenza a viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9: e1003657-10.1371/journal.ppat.1003657.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Webster RG, Krauss S, Hulse-post D, Sturm-Ramirez K: Evolution of influenza a viruses in wild birds. J Wildl Dis. 2007, 43: S1-S6. 10.7589/0090-3558-43.1.1.
Article
Google Scholar
Owoade AA, Gerloff NA, Ducatez MF, Taiwo JO, Kremer JR, Muller CP: Replacement of sublineages of avian influenza (H5N1) by reassortments, sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14: 1731-1735. 10.3201/eid1411.080555.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Couacy-Hymann E, Kouakou VA, Aplogan GL, Awoume F, Kouakou CK, Kakpo L, Sharp BR, McClenaghan L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF: Surveillance for influenza viruses in poultry and swine, west Africa, 2006-2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012, 18: 1446-1452. 10.3201/eid1809.111296.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berthold P: Bird Migration: A General Survey. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
Google Scholar
Dodman T: Waterbird Family Estimates in Africa, Waterbird Population Estimates.4th edition. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wetlands International; 2006.
Google Scholar
Carswell M, Pomeroy D, Reynolds J, Tushabe H: The Bird Atlas of Uganda, British Ornithologists’ Club and British Ornithologists’ Union. 5th edition. China: Phoenix Offset: The Hanway Press; 2005:20-25.
Google Scholar
Cumming GS, Hockey PAR, Bruinzeel LW, Du Plessis MA: Wild bird movements and avian influenza risk mapping in Southern Africa. Ecol Soc. 2008, 13: 1-14.
Google Scholar
Nature Uganda: African Waterfowl Census July 2010 Uganda. Kampala; 2010.
Google Scholar
Fouchier RAM, Munster VJ: Epidemiology of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild birds Genetic variation of low pathogenic avian influenza Antigenic variation of low pathogenic avian influenza. Rev Sci Tech World Organ Anim Heal. 2009, 28: 49-58.
CAS
Google Scholar
Abolnik C, Bisschop S, Gerdes T, Olivier A, Horner R: Outbreaks of avian influenza H6N2 viruses in chickens arose by a reassortment of H6N8 and H9N2 ostrich viruses. Virus Genes. 2007, 34: 37-45. 10.1007/s11262-006-0007-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thrusfield M: Veterinary Epidemiology. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2003:238-3
Google Scholar
Gaidet N, Dodman T, Caron A, Balança G, Desvaux S, Goutard F, Cattoli G, Lamarque F, Hagemeijer W, Monicat F: Avian influenza viruses in water birds, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13 (4): 626-629. 10.3201/eid1304.061011.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
FAO/APHCA: Collection of Blood from Chickens, a Basic Laboratory Manual for the Small-Scale Production and Testing Of I-2 Newcastle Disease Vaccine. Rome; 2002:31-35. 974-7946-26-2
Google Scholar
Framstad T, Sjaastad ØAR: Blodprøvetaking på gris. Nor Veterinærtidsskrift. 1988, 100: 265-272.
Google Scholar
Fouchier RA, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Van Der Kemp L, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD: Detection of influenza A viruses from different species by PCR amplification of conserved sequences in the matrix gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2000, 38: 4096-4101.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karpala AJ, Bingham J, Schat KA, Chen L-M, Donis RO, Lowenthal JW, Bean AGD: Highly pathogenic (H5N1) avian influenza induces an inflammatory T helper type 1 cytokine response in the chicken. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011, 31: 393-400. 10.1089/jir.2010.0069.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
OIE (World Organization for Animal Health): Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Volume 2. 6th edition. Paris; 2008.
Google Scholar
WHO: Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance. Geneva; 2002.
Google Scholar
Simulundu E, Ishii A, Igarashi M, Mweene AS, Suzuki Y, Hang’ombe BM, Namangala B, Moonga L, Manzoor R, Ito K, Nakamura I, Sawa H, Sugimoto C, Kida H, Simukonda C, Chansa W, Chulu J, Takada A: Characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from wild waterfowl in Zambia. J Gen Virol. 2011, 92 (Pt 6): 1416-27.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hadipour MM: Serological evidence of inter-species transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus in poultry, Iran. Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2011, 3: 29-32.
Google Scholar
Gugong VT: Avian influenza in village chickens, its awareness and presence of potential risk practices among rural dwellers. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2012, 2: 282-285. 10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60061-9.
Article
Google Scholar
Suriya R, Hassan L, Omar AR, Aini I, Tan CG, Lim YSKM: Seroprevalence and risk factors for influenza A viruses in pigs in Peninsular Malaysia. Zoonoses Public Hlth. 2008, 55: 342-351. 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01138.x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
El-Sayed A, Awad W, Fayed A, Hamann HPZM: Avian influenza prevalence in pigs, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010, 16: 726-727. 10.3201/eid1604.091316.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wallensten A, Munster VJ, Osterhaus ADME, Waldenström J, Bonnedahl J, Broman T, Fouchier RAM, Olsen B: Mounting evidence for the presence of influenza A virus in the avifauna of the Antarctic region. Antarct Sci. 2006, 18: 353-356.
Article
Google Scholar
Sabarinath A, Sabarinath GP, Tiwari KP, Kumthekar SM, Derek TSR: Virological and serological surveillance of avian influenza virus in the birds of Grenada. Int J Poult Sci. 2011, 10: 579-582. 10.3923/ijps.2011.579.582.
Article
Google Scholar
Caron A, Abolnik C, Mundava J, Gaidet N, Burger CE, Mochotlhoane B, Bruinzeel L, Chiweshe N, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Cumming GS: Persistence of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in waterfowl in a Southern African ecosystem. Ecohealth. 2011, 8: 109-15. 10.1007/s10393-010-0356-4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Odull MO, Byaruhanga A, Arinaitwe J, Chikomo T, Eshiamwata G: Important Bird Areas in Uganda Status and Trends. Kampala; 2011.
Google Scholar
Cecchi G, Ilemobade A, Le Brun Y, Hogerwerf LSJ: Agro-ecological features of the introduction and spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in northern Nigeria. Geospat Heal. 2008, 3: 7-16.
Article
Google Scholar
Gilbert M, Xiao X, Domenech J, Lubroth J, Martin VSJ: Anatidae migration in the western Palearctic and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006, 12: 1650-1656. 10.3201/eid1211.060223.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin V, Pfeiffer DU, Zhou X, Xiao X, Prosser DJ, Guo F, Gilbert M: Spatial distribution and risk factors of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in China. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7: e1001308-10.1371/journal.ppat.1001308.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McSweeney C, New MLG: UNDP Climate Change Country Profile. Kampala; 2008.
Google Scholar
Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P: Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3: 1470-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown JD, Goekjian G, Poulson R, Valeika SSD: Avian influenza virus in water: Infectivity is dependent on pH, salinity and temperature. Vet Microbiol. 2009, 136: 20-26. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.027.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, Waldenström J, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Beyer WEP, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM: Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3: e61-10.1371/journal.ppat.0030061.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organisation: Reducing the Risk of Emergence of Pandemic Influenza. Geneva: Public Health Agenda for Influenza; 2010.
Google Scholar
Takemae N, Parchariyanon S, Ruttanapumma R, Hiromoto Y, Hayashi T, Uchida YST: Swine influenza virus infection in different age groups of pigs in farrow-to-finish farms in Thailand. Virol J. 2011, 8: 537-10.1186/1743-422X-8-537.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cattoli G, Monne I, Fusaro A, Joannis TM, Lombin LH, Aly MM, Arafa AS, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Couacy-Hymann E, Awuni JA, Batawui KB, Awoume KA, Aplogan GL, Sow A, Ngangnou AC, Hamza IME, Gamatié D, Dauphin G, Domenech JM CI: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Africa: a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of isolates. PLoS One. 2009, 4 (e): 4842.
Article
Google Scholar
Cardinale E, Pascalis H, Temmam S, Hervé S, Saulnier A, Turpin M, Barbier N, Hoarau J, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Foray C, Roger M, Porphyre V, André P, Thomas T, De LX, Dellagi K, Simon G: Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 Virus in Pigs, Réunion Island. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012, 18: 1665-1668. 10.3201/eid1810.120398.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Donatelli I, Campitelli L, Di Trani L, Puzelli S, Selli L, Fioretti A, Alexander DJ, Tollis M, Krauss SWR: Characterization of H5N2 influenza viruses from Italian poultry. J Gen Virol. 2001, 82: 623-630.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng MC, Soda K, Lee MS, Lee SH, Sakoda Y, Kida HWC: Isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus from a chicken in Taiwan in 2008. Avian Dis. 2010, 54: 885-893. 10.1637/9208-120609-Reg.1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar