Table 4 The effect of various concentrations of CuO-NPs and ZnO-NPs on oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage after 24 h

SOD (U/mg Pro)

1.54 ± 0.52 ^D

1.97 ± 0.43 ^BC

2.53 ± 1.32 ^A

2.11 ± 0.16 ^B

1.51 ± 0.43 ^D

1.13 ± 1.21 ^E

1.85 ± 1.76 ^C

2.41 ± 0.65 ^B

2.03 ± 1.81 ^B

1.48 ± 0.75 ^D

1.09 ± 1.76 ^E

p < 0.001

ROS (absorbance@620 nm)

1.07 ± 0.05 ^C

1.13 ± 0.32 ^C

1.26 ± 1.08 ^C

1.38 ± 0.32 ^B

1.68 ± 1.43 ^AB

1.87 ± 0.52 ^A

1.11 ± 1.37 ^C

1.20 ± 0.68 ^E

1.37 ± 1.53 ^BC

1.61 ± 0.87 ^B

1.83 ± 1.44 ^A

p < 0.001

GSH (U/mg Pro)

27.35 ± 0.76 ^A

26.55 ± 0.32^AB

23.32 ± 0.16^BC

20.65 ± 0.32^CD

17.23 ± 0.49 ^D

15.34 ± 0.43 ^D

26.43 ± 0.75^AB

22.25 ± 1.45^AB

19.43 ± 0.65^CD

16.06 ± 1.18 ^D

15.09 ± 0.12 ^D

p < 0.001

MDA (nmol/mg Pro)

0.39 ± 0.07 ^D

0.41 ± 1.22 ^D

0.49 ± 0.84^D

0.73 ± 1.45 ^C

0.86 ± 0.32 ^B

0.97 ± 1.65 ^A

0.40 ± 0.24 ^D

0.48 ± 1.67 ^D

0.71 ± 0.89 ^C

0.83 ± 1.75 ^B

0.94 ± 1.09 ^AB

p < 0.001

GST (U/mg Pro)

35.76 ± 1.08 ^A

34.78 ± 0.36 ^A

32.4 ± 0.48 ^AB

29.8 ± 2.76 ^BC

27.9 ± 1.43 ^C

23.4 ± 1.76 ^E

33.76 ± 1.65^AB

31.09 ± 1.94^BC

28.4 ± 1.74 ^CD

25.76 ± 1.32^DE

22.8 ± 0.22 ^E

p < 0.001

DNA damage (nmol/mg Pro)

4.78 ± 0.65 ^E

5.23 ± 1.65 ^DE

8.06 ± 0.65 ^D

15.5 ± 1.76 ^BC

18.45 ± 1.47 ^B

22.87 ± 1.65 ^A

5.05 ± 1.35 ^D

7.45 ± 0.76 ^DE

14.05 ± 1.85 ^C

17.65 ± 1.13^BC

21.76 ± 0.45 ^A

p < 0.001