In vitro assessment of the anthelmintic activity of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on egg and adult stages of Fasciola hepatica: evidence on oxidative stress biomarkers, and DNA damage

Ravvaz, Amirhassan; Malekifard, Farnaz; Esmaeilnejad, Bijan

doi:10.1186/s12917-024-03994-0

Table 2 The effect of various concentrations and incubation time of CuO-NPs and ZnO-NPs on the mortality of Fasciola hepatica

From: In vitro assessment of the anthelmintic activity of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on egg and adult stages of Fasciola hepatica: evidence on oxidative stress biomarkers, and DNA damage

Hours	Control (-)	Triclabendazole (control +)	CuO-NPs					ZnO-NPs					P value
Hours	Control (-)	Triclabendazole (control +)	1 ppm	4 ppm	8 ppm	12 ppm	16 ppm	1 ppm	4 ppm	8 ppm	12 ppm	16 ppm	P value
0 h	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ae	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ad	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Af	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Af	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ae	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ad	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ad	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ae	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Af	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ae	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ad	-
4 h	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Db	6.99 ± 1.09 ^Dd	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Dd	0.56 ± 1.34 ^Df	11.67 ± 1.35 ^Ce	25.14 ± 1.32 ^Bd	39.76 ± 1.21 ^Ac	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Dd	0.0 ± 0.0 ^De	10.62 ± 0.65 ^Ce	21.54 ± 1.45 ^Bd	38.22 ± 1.25 ^Ac	p < 0.001
8 h	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Eb	9.85 ± 0.04 ^Dd	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ed	5.06 ± 2.52 ^DEe	19.53 ± 1.42 ^Cd	52.43 ± 0.23 ^Bc	71.43 ± 0.44 ^Ab	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Ed	4.63 ± 0.42 ^DEe	18.62 ± 1.06 ^Cd	47.56 ± 1.43 ^Bc	69.34 ± 1.37 ^Ab	p < 0.001
12 h	0.0 ± 0.0 ^Fb	32.65 ± 1.86 ^Cc	9.32 ± 0.45 ^Ec	21.42 ± 1.43 ^Dd	37.64 ± 0.77 ^Cc	73.17 ± 1.54 ^Bb	100.0 ± 0.0 ^Aa	8.43 ± 1.13 ^Ec	19.21 ± 1.05 ^Dd	35.05 ± 1.65 ^Cc	72.54 ± 1.38 ^Bb	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	p < 0.001
16 h	4.43 ± 0.43 ^Fab	69.08 ± 0.76 ^Cb	13.86 ± 0.14^Ebc	44.65 ± 1.07 ^Dc	81.17 ± 1.65 ^Bb	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	12.65 ± 0.08^Eb	41.32 ± 1.24 ^Dc	79.05 ± 1.45^Bb	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	p < 0.001
20 h	5.26 ± 0.64 ^Da	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	16.32 ± 0.39^Cb	83.25 ± 1.27 ^Bb	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	15.65 ± 1.06^Cb	80.22 ± 1.63 ^Bb	98.9 ± 2.10 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	p < 0.001
24 h	7.87 ± 0.36 ^Ca	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	23.5 ± 1.76 ^Ba	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	22.05 ± 0.65 ^Ba	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	100.00 ± 0.0 ^Aa	p < 0.001
P value	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001

-Different superscripts (a-f) within the same column indicate a significant toxicity effect of each concentration of NPs within different exposure time. Different superscripts (A-I) within the same row indicate a significant toxicity effect of different concentration of NPs during each exposure times

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