Fig. 4

RvD1 reduced apoptosis induced by tunicamycin. After stimulation, the cells were stained with Annexin V-APC/7-AAD for flow cytometry analysis and with AO/EB for morphological assessment. (A) Apoptosis determination using flow cytometry. The Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 in the flow cytometry images indicated cell debris, late apoptotic cells, early apoptotic cells, and viable cells, respectively. (B) Apoptosis rate analysis based on flow cytometry. (C) Apoptosis presentation using AO/EB fluorescent staining. The cell morphology was photographed with an inverted microscope (×200). The viable cells appeared uniformly green, the apoptotic cells showed bright green in the nuclei as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, and the necrotic cells presented bright orange. Different lowercase letters on the graph bars indicate statistically significant differences among the groups (ANOVA with Duncan’s test, p < 0.05). Data are presented as means ± SEM. RvD1, Resolvin D1; Tuni, tunicamycin; Tuni + RvD1, co-treatment with RvD1 and tunicamycin