Table 1 Frequency distribution of major management practices in the dairy farms (n = 53)
Variables | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
Management system | Intensive | 48 | 90.56% |
Semi-intensive | 5 | 9.44% | |
Breeding methods | AI | 48 | 90.56% |
Natural service | 5 | 9.44% | |
Floor type | Concrete | 45 | 84.91% |
Soil | 8 | 15.09% | |
Dam vaccination and prophylaxis | Not practiced | 52 | 98.11% |
Practiced | 1 | 1.89% | |
Calving pen | Absent | 47 | 88.67% |
Present | 6 | 11.33% | |
Navel disinfection | Not practiced | 52 | 98.11% |
Practiced | 1 | 1.89% | |
Colostrum importance | Yes | 40 | 75.47% |
No | 13 | 25.53% | |
First colostrum feeding time | Within 6Â h | 38 | 71.69% |
After 6Â h | 18 | 28.31% | |
Colostrum feeding method | Suckling | 26 | 49.05% |
Bucket/hand feeding | 28 | 50.95% | |
Calf housing | With dam | 37 | 69.81% |
In separate house | 16 | 30.19% | |
Bedding material in the calf pen | Absent | 19 | 35.85% |
Present | 34 | 64.15% | |
Calf pen cleaning Frequency | Regularly | 35 | 66.03% |
Infrequently | 18 | 33.97% | |
milk feed per day | ≤ 3 L | 38 | 71.69% |
> 3 L | 15 | 28.31% | |
Water provision | Periodic | 47 | 88.67% |
Free access | 6 | 11.33% | |
Measures to treat sick calf | Calling professional | 47 | 88.68% |
Take to clinic | 3 | 5.66% | |
Have employed professional | 3 | 5.66% |