Table 3 Factors influencing livestock farmers’ utilization of professional veterinary services in Ghana

Livestock farming experience (years)

1.04 (1.01, 1.07)

0.014

1.03 (0.98, 1.07)

0.248

Distance to veterinary service (km)

0.91 (0.87, 0.95)

 < 0.001

0.91 (0.85, 0.98)

0.016

Resilience level

1.04 (1.01, 1.07)

0.008

1.03 (1.00, 1.07)

0.078

Herd size (TLUs)

 Small (1st tertile: 0.3 – 1.8 TLUs)

ref

ref

 Medium (2nd tertile: 1.9 – 5.48 TLUs)

1.74 (0.95, 3.19)

0.071

1.15 (0.58, 2.28)

0.691

 Large (3rd tertile: 5.5 – 182.3 TLUs)

4.09 (2.28, 7.32)

 < 0.001

2.11 (1.08, 4.11)

0.028

Sex

 Female

ref

ref

 Male

2.22 (1.30, 3.80)

0.004

1.67 (0.90, 3.09)

0.105

Educational attainment

 No formal education

ref

ref

 Up to 12 years education

1.70 (1.02, 2.83)

0.041

2.08 (1.07, 4.06)

0.031

 Higher education

1.65 (0.90, 3.00)

0.103

1.42 (0.60, 3.37)

0.424

Wealth status

 Poorest

ref

ref

 Below average

0.77 (0.33, 1.81)

0.556

0.78 (0.29, 2.05)

0.612

 Average

1.28 (0.57, 2.88)

0.551

1.38 (0.54, 3.51)

0.496

 Above average

3.00 (1.41, 6.37)

0.004

2.62 (1.02, 6.73)

0.046

 Least poor

6.77 (3.16, 14.5)

 < 0.001

3.61 (1.27, 10.2)

0.016

Perceived effect of diseases on herd

 No effect

ref

ref

 Moderate effect

3.53 (1.36, 9.13)

0.009

3.64 (1.24, 10.7)

0.018

 Severe effect

4.45 (1.81, 10.9)

0.001

4.00 (1.51, 10.6)

0.005

Social support availability

 Low

ref

ref

 Medium

0.73 (0.41, 1.32)

0.301

1.50 (0.77, 2.90)

0.233

 High

2.07 (1.21, 3.52)

0.008

1.83 (0.85, 3.94)

0.123

Multivariable model evaluation

𝒳²

dƒ

p-value

 Wald test

Pseudo R² = 0.22

88.76

16

 < 0.001

Goodness-of-fit test

 Hosmer – Lemeshow (H–L)

7.75

10

0.463