Prevalence of subclinical mastitis, its associated bacterial isolates and risk factors among cattle in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Pooled prevalence estimate analysis of bacterial isolates from bovine sub-clinical mastitis cases among cattle in Africa from 2010 through to 2020

Pathogen species	No. of studies	Total cultures	No. of isolate cases	Prevalence^a % (95% CI)	95% prediction interval	Heterogeneity
						Cochran Q statistic	p-value	I² (%)	τ², H²
Staphylococcus	61	15,496	5364	43.7 (37.7, 49.9)	5.9, 86.7	3678.1	< 0.0001	98.4 (98.2 to 98.5)	0.056, 61.3
Streptococcus	42	9270	1504	18.2 (13.8, 23.1)	0.08, 53.7	1549.9	< 0.0001	97.4 (96.9 to 97.7)	0.036, 37.8
Klebsiella	18	4614	183	4.3 (2.7, 6.3)	0.03, 13.4	127.4	< 0.0001	86.7 (80.4, 90.9)	0.0062, 7.5
Escherichia	36	7294	826	9.5 (6.7, 12.8)	0.0, 33.3	686.3	< 0.0001	94.9 (93.8 to 95.8)	0.022, 19.6
Pseudomonas	16	3688	202	4.2 (2.8, 5.8)	0.6, 10.1	45.9	< 0.0001	67.3 (44.9, 80.6)	0.003, 3.1

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