Fig. 1

CDV infection triggers autophagy in vero cells. A The cytopathic effect (CPE) in CDV-infected Vero cell at 28 hpi (magnification, × 4). B and C Vero cells were mock-infected or infected with CDV (MOI = 1) for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 h. The expression levels of LC3B, CDV-N, and β-tubulin (loading control) were analyzed by western blot with specific antibodies. D The LC3-II levels relative to the β-tubulin levels were determined by densitometry. E The CDV-N levels relative to the β-tubulin levels were determined by densitometry. F Vero cells were transfected with GFP-LC3 for 28 h. The cells were then fixed and processed for indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against CDV-N protein, followed by the corresponding secondary antibodies. The fluorescence signals were visualized by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. The blots were cropped. The samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. The data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Two-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001