Fig. 2

The effect of piperine on H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate, (Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-sensitive dye, was incubated for 1 hour in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid. After incubation, cells were treated with vehicle or 1 mM H₂O₂ with or without 8 or 20 μg/mL piperine. 2 mM Trolox was also used as positive control (n = 5) (***: p-value < 0.001 compared with vehicle, ##: p-value < 0.01 compared with 1 mM H₂O₂, ###: p-value < 0.001 compared with 1 mM H₂O₂)