Combined effects of dietary Laminaria digitata with alginate lyase on plasma metabolites and hepatic lipid, pigment and mineral composition of broilers

Costa, Mónica Mendes; Lopes, Paula Alexandra; Assunção, José Miguel Pestana; Alfaia, Cristina Maria Riscado Pereira Mateus; Coelho, Diogo Francisco Maurício; Mourato, Miguel Pedro; Pinto, Rui Manuel Amaro; Lordelo, Maria Madalena; Prates, José António Mestre

doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03250-3

Table 8 Chemical composition of Laminaria digitata and experimental diets

From: Combined effects of dietary Laminaria digitata with alginate lyase on plasma metabolites and hepatic lipid, pigment and mineral composition of broilers

	Macroalga	Experimental Diets
Item	L. digitata	Control	LA	LAR	LAE
Energy, kcal ME/kg as dry matter	3065	4178	4184	4209	4201
Proximate composition, % as dry matter
Dry matter	90.8	89.8	89.8	90.1	90.1
Crude protein	4.85	23.0	23.7	23.5	23.3
Crude fat	1.31	8.28	9.95	10.1	10.2
Ash	17.4	6.50	7.40	7.50	7.60
Estimated available limiting amino acid composition, % as fed basis
Arginine	–	1.54	1.54	1.54	1.54
Histidine	–	0.59	0.57	0.57	0.57
Isoleucine	–	1.12	1.12	1.12	1.12
Leucine	–	1.91	1.80	1.80	1.80
Lysine	–	1.23	1.24	1.24	1.24
Methionine	–	0.47	0.48	0.48	0.48
Phenylalanine	–	1.22	1.19	1.19	1.19
Threonine	–	0.85	0.83	0.83	0.83
Tryptophan	–	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
Valine	–	1.20	1.17	1.17	1.17
Fatty acid profile, % total fatty acids
C14:0	5.12	0.088	0.206	0.207	0.214
C16:0	22.7	9.13	8.78	8.84	8.79
C16:1c9	2.95	0.114	0.174	0.175	0.175
C17:0	0.454	0.051	0.050	0.049	0.047
C17:1c9	0.581	0.026	0.036	0.038	0.039
C18:0	1.09	3.05	3.10	3.13	3.17
C18:1c9	19.3	27.5	26.5	26.4	27.2
C18:2n-6	8.32	56.4	56.8	56.8	56.1
C18:3n-3	5.14	0.888	0.935	0.932	0.919
C18:4n-3	5.84	0.005	0.143	0.149	0.149
C20:0	0.931	0.345	0.316	0.324	0.320
C20:4n-6	9.79	0.001	0.208	0.211	0.218
C20:5n-3	13.8	0.004	0.276	0.280	0.290
Diterpene profile, μg/g
α-Tocopherol	38.2	71.4	92.2	85.8	81.7
α-Tocotrienol	n.d^†	6.39	3.55	3.19	3.09
β-Tocopherol	0.180	1.07	1.10	0.929	0.960
γ-Tocopherol+β-tocotrienol	0.129	5.68	3.44	3.06	3.26
γ-Tocotrienol	n.d	6.13	3.85	3.25	3.23
δ-Tocopherol	n.d	1.11	0.759	0.597	0.730
Pigments, μg/g
β-Carotene	7.34	0.846	3.30	3.49	2.87
Chlorophyll-a^a	235	1.72	58.6	57.2	58.6
Chlorophyll-b^b	4.40	0.566	1.01	0.855	1.21
Total chlorophylls^c	239	2.29	59.6	58.01	59.8
Total carotenoids^d	93.9	2.87	21.6	21.6	21.7
Total chlorophylls + Carotenoids^e	333	5.16	81.2	79.6	81.5
Mineral profile, mg/kg dry matter
Arsenic	40.3	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Barium	5.94	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Bromide	474	4.79	131	131	122
Cadmium	0.0716	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Calcium	8819	28,128	17,327	18,392	17,530
Cobalt	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Copper	2.88	26.68	16.06	15.42	15.68
Iron	144	407	237	274	241
Lead	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Magnesium	5637	2648	3326	3466	3276
Manganese	5.42	218	154	171	160
Nickel	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Phosphorous	903	12,129	7647	7881	7673
Potassium	28,530	15,676	19,011	19,237	18,596
Sodium	22,627	3563	5807	6495	6077
Sulphur	7653	4012	4474	4664	4599
Vanadium	1.34	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Zinc	28.1	233	147	168	145

The broilers were fed: 1) a corn-soybean basal diet (Control); 2) the basal diet plus 15% of L. digitata (LA); 3) the basal diet plus 15% of L. digitata supplemented with 0.005% of Rovabio® Excel AP (LAR); and 4) the basal diet plus 15% of L. digitata supplemented with 0.01% of recombinant CAZyme (LAE)
SEM standard error of the mean
DM dry matter, ME metabolized energy, n.d. not detected
^†Co-eluted with α-tocopherol
^aCa = 11.24 × A₆₆₂–2.04 × A₆₄₅
^bCb = 0.13 × A₆₄₅–4.19 × A₆₆₂
^cCa + b = 7.05 × A₆₆₂ + 18.09 × A₆₄₅
^dCx + c = (1000 × A₄₇₀–1.90 × Ca - 63.14 × Cb) / 214
^e(Ca + b) + (Cx + c)

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