Basics for the potential use of saliva to evaluate stress, inflammation, immune system, and redox homeostasis in pigs

Cerón, J. J.; Contreras-Aguilar, M. D.; Escribano, D.; Martínez-Miró, S.; López-Martínez, M. J.; Ortín-Bustillo, A.; Franco-Martínez, L.; Rubio, C. P.; Muñoz-Prieto, A.; Tvarijonaviciute, A.; López-Arjona, M.; Martínez-Subiela, S.; Tecles, F.

doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03176-w

Table 3 Some examples of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) and alpha-amylase activity (sAA) response after different stressful stimuli

From: Basics for the potential use of saliva to evaluate stress, inflammation, immune system, and redox homeostasis in pigs

Stressful condition	Reference	Animals	Sample size	Sampling times	Biomarker	Results (unless indicated, median values are expressed)	Comment
<5 min snaring	Contreras-Aguilar et al. [20]	Mid-fattening period (104.8 ± 10.0 days, 78.3 ± 6.3 Kg) male Duroc x [Landrace x LargeWhite]	6	Before, during stress and 15 min after stress	sAA (IU/L)	It reaches values from < 100 to > 1000 during stress, but without statistically significant differences	High interindividual variability, with increases observed in 4 out of 6 animals
	Fuentes et al. [23]	Mid-finishing fattening period (90–120 days	12	Before, just after, 30 and 60 min after stress	sAA (IU/L)	Significant increases from ~ 200 to > 1000 at 30 and 60 min	High interindividual variability, with increases observed in 8 out of 12 animals
	Escribano et al. [22]	Early-fattening period Duroc x [Landrace x LargeWhite]	15	Before, 15 and 30 min after stress	CgA (μg/mL)	Increases observed from 1.75 to 2.56 μg/mL at 15 min	Increases observed in 13 out of 15 animals
10 min snaring	Huang et al. [24]	Male growing pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc)	10	Before, during and 30 min after stress	sAA (IU/L)	From ~ 450 to ~ 500 at 30 min, without statistically significant changes	Previous 2 h food deprivation could lead to high basal values
10 min snaring	Huang et al. [24]	Male growing pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc)	10	Before, during and 30 min after stress	CgA (protein expression)	Increased significantly, peaking at 10 min during stress (1.2-fold increase); remained high at 30 min after stress
60 min enclosure in a steel cage	Huang et al. [24]	Male growing pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc)	10	Before, during and 30 min after the stress	sAA (IU/L)	Values ranged from ~ 400 to ~ 450, without statistically significant changes
60 min enclosure in a steel cage	Huang et al. [24]	Male growing pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc)	10	Before, during and 30 min after the stress	CgA (protein expression)	Increased significantly, peaking at 60 min during stress (> 4.0-fold); remained high 30 min after stress
Weaning	Escribano et al. [25]	Piglets (25 days old)	102 (51 female and 51 male)	1 day pre-weaning, and 1 and 2 days post-weaning	sAA (IU/L)	Values ranged from ~ 12,000 to ~ 15,000 postweaning, without statistically significant changes	High interindividual variability.
Weaning	Escribano et al. [25]	Piglets (25 days old)	102 (51 female and 51 male)	1 day pre-weaning, and 1 and 2 days post-weaning	CgA (μg/mL)	Increase from 0.64 ± 0.8 to 4.01 ± 5 μg/mL 1 day post-weaning	Still increased 2 days post-weaning with mean values of 3.11 ± 3

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