Comparison of antimicrobial prescription patterns in calves in Switzerland before and after the launch of online guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use

Hubbuch, Alina; Peter, Ruth; Willi, Barbara; Hartnack, Sonja; Müntener, Cedric; Naegeli, Hanspeter; Gerspach, Christian

doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02704-w

Table 1 Comparison of case characteristics, diagnostic work-up and clinical findings between 2016 and 2018

From: Comparison of antimicrobial prescription patterns in calves in Switzerland before and after the launch of online guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use

Parameter		Pneumonia		Diarrhea		Otitis
		2016 n = 294	2018 n = 294	2016 n = 296	2018 n = 296	2016 n = 35	2018 n = 65
		% [CI^a]	% [CI^a]	% [CI^a]	% [CI^a]	% [CI^a]	% [CI^a]
Sex	Female^b	9.2 [6.1–13.1]	12.9 [9.3–17.3]	10.5 [7.2–14.5]	18.9 [14.6–23.9]	NK^c	4.6 [1.0–12.9]
Sex	Male^b	3.7 [1.9–6.6]	4.4 [2.4–7.4]	6.1 [3.6–9.4]	7.1 [4.4–10.6]	NK^c	4.6 [1.0–12.9]
Pretreatment	Yes^b	16.3 [12.3–21.1]	20.7 [16.3–25.8]	6.4 [3.9–9.8]	14.2 [10.4–18.7]	17.1 [6.6–33.6]	30.8 [19.9–43.4]
Diagnostic test^d	Yes^b	2.4 [1.0–4.8]	0.7 [0.1–2.4]	30.1 [24.9–35.6]	28.7 [23.6–34.2]	NA^e	NA^e
Lethargy	Yes^b	27.6 [22.5–33.0]	23.5 [18.7–28.7]	34.5 [29.1–40.2]	37.2 [31.6–42.9]	8.6 [1.8–23.1]	13.8 [6.5–24.7]
Lethargy	No^b	5.4 [3.1–8.7]	10.9 [7.6–15.0]	9.5 [6.4–13.4]	13.9 [10.1–18.3]	5.7 [0.7–19.2]	6.2 [1.7–15.0]
Inappetence	Yes^b	17.7 [13.5–22.5]	16.0 [12.0–20.7]	27.4 [22.4–32.8]	23.3 [18.6–28.6]	2.9 [0.1–14.9]	3.1 [0.4–10.7]
Inappetence	No^b	5.8 [3.4–9.1]	9.2 [6.1–13.1]	13.9 [10.1–18.3]	12.2 [8.7–16.4]	5.7 [0.7–19.2]	4.6 [1.0–12.9]
Fever (≥39.5 °C)	Yes^b	39.8 [34.2–45.6]	41.2 [35.5–47.0]	10.1 [6.9–14.2]	13.9 [10.1–18.3]	28.6 [14.6–46.3]	33.8 [22.6–46.6]
Fever (≥39.5 °C)	No^b	13.9 [10.2–18.4]	21.1 [16.6–26.2]	37.8 [32.3–43.6]	42.6 [36.9–48.4]	17.1 [6.6–33.6]	13.8 [6.5–24.7]
Abnormal lung sound^f	Yes^b	48.0 [42.1–53.8]	50.3 [44.5–56.2]	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e
Scleral injection	Yes^b	NA^e	NA^e	8.8 [5.8–12.6]	10.1 [6.9–14.2]	NA^e	NA^e
Scleral injection	No^b	NA^e	NA^e	4.1 [2.1–7.0]	12.5 [9.0–16.8]	NA^e	NA^e
Signs of sepsis^g	Yes^b	NA^e	NA^e	1.7 [0.6–3.9]	2.0 [0.7–4.4]	NA^e	NA^e
Signs of sepsis^g	No^b	NA^e	NA^e	4.7 [2.6–7.8]	7.1 [4.4–10.6]	NA^e	NA^e
Bloody diarrhea	Yes^b	NA^e	NA^e	11.1 [7.8–15.3]	12.2 [8.7–16.4]	NA^e	NA^e

Non-overlapping CIs are written in bold numbers; ^aCI, 95% confidence interval; ^bValues not listed were unknown, therefore percentages do not add up to 100%; ^cNK, not known; ^dCulture of bronchoalveolar lavage for pneumonia cases/ Fecal examination for diarrhea cases; ^eNA, not applicable; ^fIncluding increased vesicular sounds; ^gLeft shift with toxic neutrophils in hematology

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