Fig. 1

Cytotoxicity assay of copper chloride in F81 cells. A CCK-8 assay was used to measure cytotoxicity in F81 cells exposed to copper chloride at concentrations of 400, 200, 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 μM during incubation at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ for 24 h or 72 h. The relative activity of 0.4% DMSO-treated F81 cells was considered to be 100%, and the cytotoxicity is shown as the percentage of cell activity with respect to that of cells subjected to the DMSO mimetic treatment. Each value represents three independent replicate experiments