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Table 4 Associations between change in perceptions between the second and third interview occasion, and ASF outbreaks

From: Smallholders’ perceptions on biosecurity and disease control in relation to African swine fever in an endemically infected area in Northern Uganda

Statementa

Change in perception between interview occasionsb, c

General biosecurity

 ASFd can not be prevented

o/− 0.179

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/− 0.200

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

-1/− 0.178

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/− 0.217

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

−0.5/− 0.174

 Improved farm biosecurity improves pig health and pig growth

0/0.098

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.133

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.118

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.217

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.082

 Buying live pigs is a risk behaviour for contracting ASF

0/0.226

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.400

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.211

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.435

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.198

 Frequent selling and buying of pigs is necessary for successful pig farming

0/0.226

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.400

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.211

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.435

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.198

 I dont want to eat or buy pork from pigs that have died from ASF

0/0.167

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

1/0.667*

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.124

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.870***

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.308

 If pork prices are lower in the neighbouring village due to them having an outbreak of ASF I will buy my pork there

0/−0.190

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.267

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.183

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.000

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.215

Control interventions

 If I would get a fair price I would be willing to sell all my healthy pigs when an ASF outbreak occurred in the area

0/−0.133

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.133

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.156

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.000

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.151

 I can choose where to/to whom I sell my pigs

0/−0.583

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

−1/−0.600

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.582

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

−0.5/− 0.727

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.565

 I could adopt my pig farming in order to have pigs ready for sale at specific times of the year

0/−0.259

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.133

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.270

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.391

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.241

 It is possible for me to tell visitors not to enter in the pig-house with their own boots

0/0.176

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

1/0.733*

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.129

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.091

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.187

Attitudes

 I have lost confidence in pig production

0/−0.161

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.600**

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/−0.124

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.130**

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/−0.200

 I feel more optimistic about the pig enterprise

0/0.103

  ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.667***

  No ASF outbreak second interview occasion

0/0.056

  ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.000

  No ASF outbreak third interview occasion

0/0.117

  1. * = p = 0.1; ** = p < 0.05; *** = p < 0.01
  2. aStatements with p-values below 0.1 for the change in perception between the second and third interview occasion are displayed
  3. bPerceptions were measured as agreements with given statements according to a Likert-scale with five levels: strongly agree = 5; agree = 4; neither agree nor disagree = 3; Disagree = 2; Strongly disagree = 1. Associations between the magnitude of the change and outbreaks of African swine fever were evaluated using the Kruskal Wallis test
  4. cMedian/mean
  5. dASF African swine fever