Smallholders’ perceptions on biosecurity and disease control in relation to African swine fever in an endemically infected area in Northern Uganda

Table 2 Associations between perceptions on general biosecurity and related pig farming actions critical for biosecurity

Biosecurity statement/action			I think it is possible to protect my pigs from getting ASF by improving biosecurity^{a, d}		ASF can not be prevented^a		I would like to invest in biosecurity if I received advice^a		Improved biosecurity improves pig health and growth^a		Buying live pigs is a risk behaviour for contracting ASF^a		Frequent selling and buying of pigs is necessary for successful pig farming^a
Biosecurity statement/action	Second interview occasion^b	Third interview occasion^b	Second interview occasion^c	Third interview occasion^c	Second interview occasion^c	Third interview occasion^c	Second interview occasion^c	Third interview occasion^c	Second interview occasion^c	Third interview occasion^c	Second interview occasion^c	Third interview occasion^c	Second interview occasion^c	Third interview occasion^c
HH^d had expenditure for biosecurity equipment	22	13	4/3.55*	4/3.78	2/2.41	2/2.30	4/3.73	4/3.77	4/3.86	4/4.00	4/3.77	4/3.92	2/2.55	3/3.08**
HH had no expenditure for biosecurity equipment	173	181	4/3.83	4/3.80	2/2.33	2/2.13	4/3.80	4/3.81	4/4.01	4/4.09	4/3.88	4/4.11	2/2.58	2.5/2.83
HH Bought pigs	48	38	4/3.92**	4/3.79	2/2.46	2/2.00	4/3.75	4/3.73	4/3.94	4/4.05	4/3.81	4/4.03	2/2.54	3/2.97
HH did not buy pigs	148	158	4/3.78	4/3.79	2/2.30	2/2.19	4/3.80	4/3.82	4/4.00	4/4.10	4/3.89	4/4.12	2/2.59	3/2.81
HH Sold pigs	127	92	4/3.82	4/3.92	2/2.43	2/1.97	4/3.78	4/3.74	4/3.95	4/4.01	4/3.85	4/4.01	2/2.63	2/2.78
HH did not sell any pigs	62	101	4/3.71	4/3.67	2/2.21	2/2.31	4/3.77	4/3.85	4/4.07	4/4.14	4/3.87	4/4.14	2/2.48	3/2.88

^* = p < 0.1; ^** = p < 0.05
^aPerceptions were measured as agreements with given statements according to a Likert-scale with five levels: strongly agree = 5; agree = 4; neither agree nor disagree = 3; Disagree = 2; Strongly disagree = 1. Associations between perceptions and actions were evaluated using the Kruskal Wallis test
^bNumber of respondents
^cMedian/mean
^dASF African swine fever, HH household

ISSN: 1746-6148