Table 1 Clinical findings in cows with type-4 abomasal ulcer

Heart rate (n = 87, median = 98

bpm)

Normal (60–80)

26

30

Decreased (44–59)

2

2

Mildly increased (81–100)

23

26

Moderately increased (101–120)

23

26

Severely increased (121–196)

13

15

Respiratory rate

Normal (15–25)

28

33

(n = 86, median = 32 breaths per min.)

Decreased (14)

2

2

Mildly increased (26–35)

23

27

Moderately increased (36–45)

16

18

Severely increased (46–80)

17

20

Rectal temperature

(n = 87, median =

38.9 °C)

Normal (38.4–38.9)

20

23

Decreased (36.0–38.3)

24

28

Mildly increased (39.0–39.4)

17

20

Moderately increased (39.5–40.0)

23

26

Severely increased (40.1–40.5)

3

3

Rumen motility

(n = 86)

Normal

1

1

Decreased

22

26

Absent

63

73

Foreign body tests

(n = 76)

All negative

32

42

Pole test positive¹

35

46

Back grip positive¹

31

41

Percussion of the reticular region positive¹

25

33

1 of 3 tests positive

12

16

2 of 3 tests positive

18

24

3 of 3 tests (all tests) positive

14

18

Swinging and per-cussion auscultation

on the left side

(n = 87)

Both negative (normal)

74

85

Only swinging auscultation positive

3

3

Only percussion auscultation positive

4

5

Both tests positive

6

7

Swinging and per-cussion auscultation

on the right side

(n = 87)

Both negative (normal)

43

49

Only swinging auscultation positive

17

20

Only percussion auscultation positive

9

10

Both tests positive

18

21

Rectal findings

(n = 87)

Normal findings

44

51

Loss of negative pressure

34

39

Sandpaper-like texture of serosa

9

10

Rumen dilated

14

16

Gaseous distension of the small intestines

5

6

Miscellaneous abnormal findings

8

9

Faecal output reduced

57

66

Empty rectum

12

14