BMC Veterinary Research

Table 1 Behavioral analysis of piglets (n = 60) pre-treatment and post-treatment across all litters and timepoints. Values presented are the proportional means ± SE

From: Efficacy of buprenorphine for management of surgical castration pain in piglets

	Behavior^c	Pre-Castration		Post-Castration
	Behavior^c	Treatment P-value	Pre-Treatment	Treatment P-value	Time P-value	Time*Treatment P-value	0.04 mg/kg BUP cast	0.04 mg/kg BUP uncast	Saline	Sham
Proportion (duration)	Awake inactive	0.9704	0.64 ± 0.05	0.6749	<.0001	0.2277	0.53 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.02	0.54 ± 0.03	0.52 ± 0.03
	Lying	–	0.53 ± 0.08	<.0001	0.0001	0.0300	0.49 ± 0.04^a	0.44 ± 0.04^a	0.68 ± 0.04^b	0.67 ± 0.03^b
	Nosing udder	0.0551	0.23 ± 0.05	0.0248	0.0047	0.9439	0.15 ± 0.03	0.17 ± 0.03	0.23 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.04
	Sleeping	0.6062	0.28 ± 0.06	0.0187	<.0001	0.7070	0.35 ± 0.07	0.32 ± 0.07	0.45 ± 0.07	0.49 ± 0.07
	Standing	0.7142	0.44 ± 0.08	<.0001	<.0001	0.0228	0.48 ± 0.08^a	0.52 ± 0.07^a	0.28 ± 0.06^b	0.29 ± 0.06^b
	Tail wagging	0.4929	0.02 ± 0.00	<.0001	0.4166	0.0488	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.07 ± 0.01^b	0.01 ± 0.00^a
	Walking	0.2945	0.16 ± 0.04	<.0001	0.0001	0.3728	0.23 ± 0.03^a	0.25 ± 0.03^a	0.07 ± 0.01^b	0.09 ± 0.02^b
	Active^d	0.6394	0.47 ± 0.07	<.0001	<.0001	0.0259	0.51 ± 0.06^a	0.56 ± 0.06^a	0.33 ± 0.06^b	0.33 ± 0.06^b
	Pain^e	0.2859	0.02 ± 0.00	<.0001	0.0329	0.0002	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.02 ± 0.00^a

^a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (P < 0.05); entries in italic font are statistically significant
^cOnly behavior variables that were significant post-treatment are presented
^dActive behaviors include: nosing, suckling, walking, chewing, playing, running
^ePain behaviors include: stiffness, trembling, spasms, tail wagging and scratching

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