Figure 1From: Validation of the UNESP-Botucatu unidimensional composite pain scale for assessing postoperative pain in cattleCharacteristic signs of pain in cattle after orchiectomy. A - Head below the line of spinal column; B - Hind limbs extended caudally when in standing posture; C - Moves and arches the back when in standing; D - Kicking/foot stamping; E - Licking the surgical wound; F - Lying down in ventral recumbency with full or partial extension of one or both hind limbs.Back to article page