Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

Table 5 Reasons for diagnosis of FMD and tests performed at the NRLs and at the collaborating laboratories

Country/ region	Reasons for diagnosis of FMD	Tests performed at NRLs		Collaborating laboratories	Test performed through Collaboration
Country/ region	Reasons for diagnosis of FMD	Serology	FMDV identification	Collaborating laboratories	Serology	FMDV identification
Burundi	Cob	ELISA	Ag ELISA	nc
Djibouti	Sur, Mve	NSP	-	LQCD, Djibouti	NSP LPBE	PCR^a
Eritrea	Sur	SPCE, LPBE, NSP	PCR^b, VI	IAH,Pirbright, UK	-	Ag ELISA, PCR ^a, VI, sequencing
Ethiopia	Sur, Vmat, Res	LPBE, NSP	Ag ELISA, PCR^a,b	IAH, Pirbright, UK	-	PCR ^a,b, VI, Sequencing
Kenya	Sur, Vmat, Cob, Mve, Res	VNT, LPBE, NSP	Ag ELISA, CFT, PCR^b*, VI	IAH Pirbright, UK	-	Ag ELISA, PCR ^a,b, Sequencing
Puntland	Sur, Vmat,	VNT	Ag ELISA	FNL, Kenya	VNT	-
Rwanda	Sur, Vmat, Cob	LPBE	-	OVI, South Africa Pirbright, UK	LPBE	Ag ELISA, PCR ^a,b
Somalia	Sur, Vmat	NSP	-	FNL, Kenya	-	Ag ELISA
Somaliland	Sur, Vmat	NSP	-	FNL, Kenya	-	Ag ELISA
South Sudan	Sur, Vmat, Cob	-	Ag ELISA	FNL, Kenya	-	PCR ^a,b , Sequencing^
Sudan	Sur, Vmat, Cob, Res	VNT, LPBE, NSP	Ag ELISA, VI	IAH, Pirbright, UK	VNT, LPBE, SPCE	Ag ELISA, PCR ^a,b, VI, Sequencing
Tanzania	Sur,Vmat, Cob, Res	SPCE, LPBE, NSP	Ag ELISA, PCR ^a,b*	BVI, Botswana IAH, Pirbright, UK	NSP	Ag ELISA, PCR ^a,b, VI Sequencing
Uganda	Sur, Vmat, Cob, Res	SPBE, LPBE, NSP	PCR^a,b	Lindholm, Denmark IAH, Pirbright, UK OVI, South Africa	VNT	Ag ELISA, sequencing, VI

Cob: confirmation of outbreaks, Sur: surveillance, Mve: monitoring vaccine efficacy, Vmat: vaccine matching, Res: research, PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction, ^a: real time PCR, ^b: conventional PCR, VI: virus isolation, Ag: antigen, CFT: complement fixation test, LPBE: liquid phase blocking ELISA, NSP: non-structural protein based antibody ELISA, SPBE: solid phase blocking ELISA, SPCE: solid phase competition ELISA, VNT: virus neutralization test, *:not used for diagnostic but undergoing validation, -: not done, **:Tests performed by IAH, Pirbright, UK through the collaborating laboratory, nc: no collaboration, LQCD: Lab quarantin center-Dammerjog.