Table 1 Summary of the study results
From: Low Usutu virusseroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe
Order | Family | Genus | Species (English name) | Species (Latin name) | Number tested | PRNT antibody titers to USUV | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 20 neg | 20 | 40 | 80 | 160 | 320 | 640 | ||||||
Rheiformes | Rheidae | Rhea | Greater Rhea | Rhea americana | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Casuariiformes | Casuariidae | Casuarius | Double-wattled Cassowary | Casuarius casuarius | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sphenisciformes | Spheniscidae | Spheniscus | Humboldt Penguin | Spheniscus humboldti | 19 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 b | 0 | 0 |
Black-footed Penguin | Spheniscus demersus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Pelecaniformes | Pelecanidae | Pelecanus | Dalmatian Pelecan | Pelecanus crispus | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
White Pelecan | Pelecanus onocrotatus | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Ciconiiformes | Phoenicopteridae | Phoenicopterus | Greater Flamingo | Phoenicopterus ruber | 109 | 103 | 0 | 2 c | 2 c | 2 c | 0 | 0 |
Lesser Flamingo | Phoenicopterus minor | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Ciconiidae | Ciconia | White Stork | Ciconia ciconia | 23 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 a | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Leptoptilos | Marabou Stork | Leptoptilos crumeriiferus | 2 | 1 | 1 b | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Threskiornithidae | Geronticus | Hermit Ibis | Geronticus eremita | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Ardeidae | Nycticorax | Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Anseriformes | Anatidae | Branta | Red-brested Goose | Branta ruficollis | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 b | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hawaiian Goose | Branta sandvicensis | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Anser | Lesser White-fronted Goose | Anser erythropus | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Greylag Goose | Anser anser | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Domestic Goose | Anser anser domestica | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Bar-headed Goose | Anser indicus | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Cereopsis | Cereopsis Goose | Cereopsis novaehollandiae | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Alopochen | Egyptian Goose | Alopochen aegyptiacus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tadorna | Ruddy Shellduck | Tadorna ferruginea | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 b | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Chloephaga | Magellan Goose | Chloephaga picta | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Dendrocygna | Fulvous Whistling Duck | Dendrocygna bicolor | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tachyeres | Steamer Duck | Tachyeres pteneres | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 b | ||
Anas | Domestic Duck | Anas platyrhynchos domesticus | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Aix | Wood Duck | Aix sponsa | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Mandarin Duck | Aix galericulata | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Cygnus | Mute Swan | Cygnus olor | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tundra Swan | Cygnus columbianus | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Falconiformes | Accipitridae | Neophron | Egyptian Vulture | Neophron percnopterus | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 a | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Haliaeetus | White-tailed Eagle | Haliaeetus albicilla | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Aquila | Imperial Eagle | Aquila heliaca | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Circaetus | Short-toed Eagle | Circaetus gallicus | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Buteo | Common Buzzard | Buteo buteo | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pandionidae | Pandion | Osprey | Pandion haliaetus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Falconidae | Falco | Common Kestrel | Falco tinnunculus | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Saker Falcon | Falco cherrug | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Galliformes | Phasianidae | Gallus | Domestic Chicken | Gallus gallus domesticus | 60 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 b |
Lophophorus | Himalayan Monal | Lophophorus impejanus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pavo | Common Peafowl | Pavo cristatus | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tragopan | Satyr Tragopan | Tragopan satyra | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cracidae | Crax | Great Curassow | Crax rubra | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Meleagrididae | Meleagris | Wild Turkey | Meleagris gallopavo | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Gruiformes | Gruidae | Grus | Common Crane | Grus grus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Manchurian Crane | Grus japonensis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Balearica | Grey Crowned Crane | Balearica regulorum | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Otididae | Ardeotis | Kori Bustard | Ardeotis kori | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Charadriiformes | Burhinidae | Burhinus | Spotted Dikkop | Burhinus capensis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Columbiformes | Columbidae | Goura | Western Crowned Pigeon | Goura cristata | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Columba | Domestic Pigeon | Columba livia domestica | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Psittaciformes | Psittacidae | Amazona | White-fronted Amazon | Amazona albifrons | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cyanoliseus | Patagonian Conure | Cyanoliseus patagonus | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Ara | Green-winged Macaw | Ara chloroptera | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Strigiformes | Strigidae | Bubo | Eurasian Eagle Owl | Bubo bubo | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 a | 0 | 1 a | 0 | 0 |
Snowy Owl | Bubo scandiacus | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Asio | Long-eared Owl | Asio otus | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tyto | Barn Owl | Tyto alba | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Strix | Ural Owl | Strix uralensis | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 a | 1 a | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Coraciiformes | Halcyonidae | Dacelo | Laughing Kookaburra | Dacelo novaeguineae | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 b | 0 | 0 |
Meropidae | Merops | European Bee-eater | Merops apiaster | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Coraciidae | Coracias | European Roller | Coracias garrulus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Passeriformes | Corvidae | Corvus | Rook | Corvus frugilegus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pica | European Magpie | Pica pica | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Total | 372 | 352 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 2 | ||||