Table 1 Describing how images were obtained and what structures were visualised
From: Reliability of quantitative echocardiography in adult sheep and goats
View | Intercostal space image obtained from | Probe orientation | Structures visualised | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Right parasternal cranial long axis view | RICS4 | 0° rotation | PA, PV, RVOT, and TV | Adequate quality in 5.4% due to small scanning window |
Right parasternal caudal long-axis view of the LVOT | RICS4 | Transducer rotated between 0 and 30° | Ao, AoV, LVOT and RV | TV only visible in 78.4% of the sheep and 70% of the goats |
Right parasternal long axis view of the LV | RICS4 - 88.2% sheep and 70% goats RICS5 – 11.8% sheep and 30% goats | Caudal with 0° rotation | LV, MV, RV and TV | Could not visualise entire LA and RA |
Right parasternal caudal short axis view of the LV | RICS4 2 cm above point of olecranon | 90° rotation | LV, papillary muscles in LV, RV and TV | Symmetrical views in 91.2% of animals |
Right parasternal caudal short axis view of the MV | RICS4 2 cm above point of olecranon | Caudo-dorsally with 90° rotation | MV and RV | Symmetrical views were obtained in 94.5% of animals Image occasionally obscured by pleural surface |
Right parasternal caudal short axis view of AoV | RICS4 2 cm above point of olecranon | Dorsally oriented with 90° rotation | Ao, MV, RV and TV | Pleural surface visible in 71.4% of images |
Left parasternal caudal long axis view (Figure 1) | LICS5 in 76.9% and LICS4 in 13.1% 2-3 cm above the olecranon | Caudally oriented with 0° rotation | CdVC, LA, LV, and MV | Spherical CdVC used as landmark in the far field |
Left parasternal cranial long axis view | LICS4 | Cranio-dorsally oriented with 0 to -20° rotation | Ao, AoV CdVC, and LVOT | |
Left parasternal cranial long-axis view of the RVOT | LICS4 in 56% and LICS3 in 44% | Cranio-dorsally, with 0° rotation | Ao, PA, PV RA, RVOT and TV |