Figure 3
From: Potential regenerative treatment strategies for intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs
Regenerative treatment options for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration: cell-based therapy, growth factors, and gene therapy. Cell-based treatment strategies have mainly used chondrocyte-like cells (CLCs), mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs), and notochordal cells (NCs). The lower images show a severely degenerated IVD macroscopically (left) and on haematoxylin & eosin staining (middle and right). The lower right image shows a cluster of CLCs, which are frequently observed in (severely) degenerated IVDs.