BMC Veterinary Research BioMed Central

Background In a previous study, it was demonstrated that high replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in a gnotobiotic pig was correlated with the absence of PCV2-neutralizing antibodies. The aim of the present study was to investigate if this correlation could also be found in SPF pigs in which PMWS was experimentally reproduced and in naturally PMWS-affected pigs. Results When looking at the total anti-PCV2 antibody titres, PMWS-affected and healthy animals seroconverted at the same time point, and titres in PMWS-affected animals were only slightly lower compared to those in healthy animals. In healthy animals, the evolution of PCV2-neutralizing antibodies coincided with that of total antibodies. In PMWS-affected animals, neutralizing antibodies could either not be found (sera from field studies) or were detected in low titres between 7 and 14 DPI only (sera from experimentally inoculated SPF pigs). Differences were also found in the evolution of specific antibody isotypes titres against PCV2. In healthy pigs, IgM antibodies persisted until the end of the study, whereas in PMWS-affected pigs they quickly decreased or remained present at low titres. The mean titres of other antibody isotypes (IgG1, IgG2 and IgA), were slightly lower in PMWS-affected pigs compared to their healthy group mates at the end of each study. Conclusion This study describes important differences in the development of the humoral immune response between pigs that get subclinically infected with PCV2 and pigs that experience a high level of PCV2-replication which in 3 of 4 experiments led to the development of PMWS. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of a PCV2-infection.

Results: Clarification of any anomalies regarding 16S rDNA sequence heterogeneity of T. equigenitalis was carried out. When cloning, sequencing and comparison of the approximate fulllength 16S rDNA from 17 strains of T. equigenitalis isolated in Japan, Australia and France, nucleotide sequence differences were demonstrated at the six loci in the 1,469 nucleotide sequence. Moreover, 12 polymorphic sites occurred among 23 sequences of the 16S rDNA, including the six reference sequences.

Conclusion:
High sequence similarity (99.5% or more) was observed throughout, except from nucleotide positions 138 to 501 where substitutions and deletions were noted.

Background
Contagious equine metritis (CEM), which was first reported in thoroughbred mares during the 1977 breeding season in the UK [1], is an important bacterial genital infectious disease of horses caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. CEM generally leads to a loss of fertility in mares and the disruption of breeding programs. Since the first report of CEM, this disease and its causative agent have been detected in many countries and in various breeds of horses [2,3]. Diagnosis of CEM has been performed by the isolation of T. equigenitalis, a nonmotile gram-negative coccobacillus, cultured by means of conventional selective bacteriological techniques.
In relation to the phylogenetic positioning of T. equigenitalis, Bleumink-Pluym et al. were the first to determine 16S rDNA sequences from three strains of T. equigenitalis (NCTC11184 T , N480/82 and N610/88; GenBank Acces-sion No. X68645) to be identical and demonstrated this organism to belong to the β subclass of the class Proteobacteria [4]. When Jang et al. analyzed the phylogenetic position of T. asinigenitalis, which is a new second species within the genus Taylorella, and a gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacilli but phenotypically indistinguishable from T. equigenitalis, which was isolated from donkey jacks (Equus asinus) in the USA, in 1997 and 1998 [5], they described that T. equigenitalis appears to be homogeneous with respect to the 16S rDNA sequence, since all 15 strains, (11 American strains, two Dutch strains, one British and one Japanese isolate,) (Accession No. AF297712 for a Dutch isolate 10783; AF297173 for an American isolate 96-178), together with the published sequence (X68645), were 100% identical [6].
Recently, our research group determined the 16S rDNA sequences of three additional strains, a British type strain NCTC11184 T , an American prototype strain Kentucky 188 and a Japanese strain EQ59 of T. equigentalis, and demonstrated sequence differences in the six 16S rDNA sequences including three reference sequences, whose accession numbers are shown in Table 1 [7]. Consequently, at present, six accessible sequences of 16S rDNA from T. equigenitalis, whose sequence differences occur at a few nucleotide positions are available.
Therefore, it is important to determine these sequences from additional strains in other countries, if possible, in order to clarify any anomalies regarding 16S rDNA sequence heterogeneity. Therefore, the authors wished to clone and sequence the approximately full-length 16S rDNA from more strains of T. equigenitalis isolated in Japan, Australia and France and compare these sequences among the existing published sequences described above. Table 2 [see 1], the nucleotide sequence differences were demonstrated at six loci in the 1469 nucleotide sequence of the nearly full-length 16S rDNA, among 17 strains (EQ70 ~ Fr-10) isolated in Japan, Australia and France (AB200397-AB200413 in Table 1). Moreover, 12 polymorphic sites occurred among 23 sequences of the 16S rDNA, including the six reference sequences, as demonstrated in Table 2. In relation to the three countries, Japan, Australia and France, the strains from each respective country, interestingly, gave an identical sequence. Moreover, these strains whose 16S rDNA sequences were analyzed, are from all over the world and carried distinct multiple genotypes [3]. In addition, the sequences of two American strains (Kentucky 188 and 96-178 [AF 297173]) used as references in the present study are different on some positions.

As shown in
Consequently, in the present study, a high sequence similarity of 16S rDNA (99.5% or more) with the nine polymorphic sites was observed, between np 138 and 501, of a total of 12, where substitutions and deletions were noted. Thus, there is a single polymorphic site in the approximately 2/3 of the 16S rDNA sequence between np 502 and 1469, while the first approximately 1/3 between np 1 and 501 has nine polymorphic sites among 17 strains, suggesting an extremely high sequence similarity in the approximately 2/3 downstream of the 16S rDNA sequence of T. equigenitalis.

Discussion
Recently, Jang et al. demonstrated that the 16S rDNA of T. equigenitalis gave 97.6% sequence similarity to those of T. asinigenitalis [6]. In relation to one of the present molecular guidelines, it is suggested that 3% sequence variation of the 16S rDNA sequence is a threshold value to represent distinctly different bacterial species [8][9][10][11] However, most recently, some examples of lower levels of 16S rDNA sequence variations were found among some Campylobacter species [12]. The organisms within the genus Taylorella are also an example of lower levels of 16S rDNA sequence variation.

Conclusion
The 16S rDNA sequences of T. equigenitalis were demonstrated to give high sequence similarity (99.5% or more) to each other among 23 sequences, but were not identical. Lower levels of 16S rDNA sequence variations were confirmed among the organisms of the genus Taylorella.

T. equigenitalis strains
Seventeen strains of T. equigenitalis, which had been isolated in Japan (n = 6), Australia (n = 7) and France (n = 4) and examined in the present study are shown in Table 1 [see Additional File 1]. Although six Japanese strains, seven Australian strains and a French strains (Fr-10) were isolated from mares clinically affected with CEM, sources and symptom of the two French strains (Fr-1 and Fr-2) are not available. Since male horses were demonstrated to transmit the organism responsible for CEM, in the present study an isolate isolated from a symptomless carrier male French Trotter (Fr-9) was also examined (Table 1) [see Additional file 1].

Cultural conditions and genomic DNA preparation
Culture conditions for these strains and genomic DNA preparation have been described previously [13,14].

PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing
PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of the nearly full-length 16S rDNA have also been described [15]. In relation to the PCR, at present, a primer pair set (fD1; 5'-GAATTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3' and rTel; 5'-GGCTACCTT-GTTACGACTT-3') was employed for amplification of the nearly full-length 16S rDNA from T. equigenitalis strains. The primer fD1 contained the 3' end-19 nucleotide sequences of the original fD1 primer sequence [16]. The rTel was constructed based on the nucleotide sequence information of the 3' end region of E. coli 16S rDNA of rrnB operon (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Accession No. J01695).

Nucleotide sequence analysis
The sequences of the nearly full-length 16S rDNA were aligned using GENETYX-MAC version 9.0 (GENETYX Co. Tokyo, Japan). The sequence data of the 16S rDNA of T. equigenitalis determined in the present study are accessible in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank, as shown in Table 1, as well as the six reference sequences.
The nucleotide sequences corresponding to the primers fD1 and rTel, employed for PCR amplification of the nearly full-length 16S rDNA from the 17 strains of T. equigenitalis, were excluded for similarity analysis. Therefore, the nucleotide position (np) one (A) of the sequence data shown in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank corresponds to np 28 of the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from the rrnB cistron of Escherichia coli [17,18]. As already described [7], in the three reference sequences from NCTC11184 T , Kentucky 188 and EQ59, CCTCCT sequences (np 1513 to 1518), which are highly conserved sequences close to the 3' end of the mature 16S rRNA and complementary to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on mRNA [19][20][21], [22] were demonstrated.