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Virology

Section edited by Dr. Hayley Henderson and Tillie Cryer

The virology section considers research focusing on the clinical, macro-pathological, cell and molecular biological aspects of viruses of veterinary importance. This includes studies on livestock, companion animals, equids, wild animals, fish, laboratory animals and animal models of human infections. Studies on related zoonotic and emerging viral infections are also considered. 

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  1. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection is a highly contagious infectious disease causing watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality rate in newborn piglets. PEDV infection can cause hi...

    Authors: Ohnmar Myint, Ayako Yoshida, Satoshi Sekiguchi, Nguyen Van Diep, Naoyuki Fuke, Uda Zahli Izzati, Takuya Hirai and Ryoji Yamaguchi

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:409

    Content type: Research article

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  2. Akabane disease (AD), a barrier to international trade for endemic areas with far economic impact on the countries, is caused by Akabane virus (AKAV). Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a ...

    Authors: Xiaolin Li, Hongli Jing, Xiaofei Liu, Qin Wang, Songyin Qiu, Dandan Liu, Shaoqiang Wu and Xiangmei Lin

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:408

    Content type: Methodology article

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  3. Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a disease of cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). More than 60% of BLV-infected cattle remain subclinical and are thus referred to as aleukemic (AL) cattle. Approxima...

    Authors: Misako Konishi, Sota Kobayashi, Taeko Tokunaga, Yuzumi Chiba, Toshiyuki Tsutsui, Shozo Arai, Ken-ichiro Kameyama and Takehisa Yamamoto

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:406

    Content type: Research article

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  4. TBE is an important tick-borne viral zoonosis in Europe and some parts of Asia. Humans can become infected by tick bite and in some cases also by consumption of nonpasteurized raw milk and raw milk products fr...

    Authors: Christine Klaus, Ute Ziegler, Donata Hoffmann, Franziska Press, Christine Fast and Martin Beer

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:399

    Content type: Research article

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  5. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is the most important enteric virus infecting canids. It is a rapidly evolving virus; after its emergence in the 1970s, new antigenic variants (called CPV-2a, 2b and 2c) emerge...

    Authors: Mara Battilani, Francesco Modugno, Francesco Mira, Giuseppa Purpari, Santina Di Bella, Annalisa Guercio and Andrea Balboni

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:393

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Classic goose parvovirus (cGPV) causes high mortality and morbidity in goslings and Muscovy ducklings. Novel GPV (N-GPV) causes short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS) in Cherry Valley ducks, Pekin ducks and M...

    Authors: Chunhe Wan, Cuiteng Chen, Longfei Cheng, Rongchang Liu, Shaohua Shi, Guanghua Fu, Hongmei Chen, Qiuling Fu and Yu Huang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:389

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Haemorrhagic enteritis (HE) of turkeys was first described in 1937 in the USA, while in Poland it was first diagnosed in 1987. Polish haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) isolates are usually low pathogenic and ...

    Authors: Bartłomiej Tykałowski, Marcin Śmiałek, Andrzej Koncicki, Katarzyna Ognik, Zenon Zduńczyk and Jan Jankowski

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:387

    Content type: Research article

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  8. Avian leukosis (AL), which is caused by avian leukosis virus (ALV), has led to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. The kit used to detect all ALV-positive chickens in breeder flocks is very im...

    Authors: Xiaoyu Zhou, Lin Wang, Anning Shen, Xi Shen, Moru Xu, Kun Qian, Hongxia Shao, Yongxiu Yao, Venugopal Nair, Jianqiang Ye and Aijian Qin

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:383

    Content type: Research article

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  9. Fowl adenovirus outbreaks have occurred in China since June 2015. This virus is an emerging infectious disease that causes hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis (HPS-IBH), resulting in signifi...

    Authors: Kai Wang, Haiwei Sun, Yunzhang Li, Zhiwei Yang, Jianqiang Ye and Hongjun Chen

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:373

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Tembusu virus (TMUV) usually affects adult ducks, causing a severe drop of egg production. It has also been shown to be pathogenic in commercial Pekin ducklings below 7 weeks of age. Here, we report a TMUV-cau...

    Authors: Te Liang, Xiaoxiao Liu, Shenghua Qu, Junfeng Lv, Lixin Yang and Dabing Zhang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:362

    Content type: Research article

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  11. There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is causally associated with the development of equine genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Early stages of disease present clin...

    Authors: Anna Sophie Ramsauer, Garrett Louis Wachoski-Dark, Cornel Fraefel, Kurt Tobler, Sabine Brandt, Cameron Greig Knight, Claude Favrot and Paula Grest

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:356

    Content type: Research article

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  12. Viral diseases are a matter of great concern for poultry farmers in Pakistan. Multiple common viral respiratory diseases (CVRDs) cause huge economic losses in the poultry industry. The prevalence of CVRDs in m...

    Authors: Sajid Umar, Angélique Teillaud, Hassan Bin Aslam, Jean-Luc Guerin and Mariette F. Ducatez

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:351

    Content type: Research article

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  13. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging circovirus that might be associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, and cardiac and multisystemic inflammation. To a...

    Authors: Jun Ji, Xin Xu, Xueyu Wang, Kejing Zuo, Zhili Li, Chaoliang Leng, Yunchao Kan, Lunguang Yao and Yingzuo Bi

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:322

    Content type: Research article

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  14. Getah virus (GETV) is a neglected mosquito-borne Alphavirus that causes pyrexia, body rash, and leg oedema in horses and foetal death and reproductive disorders in pigs. Infected animals may play a critical role ...

    Authors: Hao Liu, Xu Zhang, Li-Xia Li, Ning Shi, Xiu-tao Sun, Quan Liu, Ning-Yi Jin and Xing-kui Si

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:320

    Content type: Research article

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  15. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus from the Flaviviridae family, is a globally distributed bovine pathogen. BVDV infection in cattle, despite having a wid...

    Authors: Joanna Małaczewska, Edyta Kaczorek-Łukowska, Roman Wójcik and Andrzej Krzysztof Siwicki

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:318

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Newcastle disease (ND), which is caused by infections of poultry species with virulent strains of Avian orthoavulavirus-1, also known as avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), and formerly known as Newcastle disease ...

    Authors: Salman L. Butt, Veridiana Maria Brianezi Dignani Moura, Leonardo Susta, Patti J. Miller, Jessica M. Hutcheson, Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia, Corrie C. Brown, Franklin D. West, Claudio L. Afonso and James B. Stanton

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:317

    Content type: Research article

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  17. Canine distemper (CD) is an acute infectious disease with high morbidity rates caused by a highly contagious pathogen (Canine Morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus, CDV). CDV can infect a broad r...

    Authors: Xianghong Xue, Yelei Zhu, Lina Yan, Gary Wong, Peilu Sun, Xuexing Zheng and Xianzhu Xia

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:316

    Content type: Research article

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  18. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) causes fever and muscle stiffness in cattle, resulting in negative economic impact for cattle and dairy farms. During the manufacturing process of inactivated vaccine for vi...

    Authors: Li-Ting Cheng, Yu-Jing Zeng, Chun-Yen Chu and Hsian-Yu Wang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:313

    Content type: Methodology article

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  20. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging circovirus species, that has been reported in major pig-raising countries including the United States, China, South Korea, Brazil, Spain, and Poland.

    Authors: Huanan Wang, Xiangnan Liu, Fanwen Zeng, Tongyuan Zhang, Yuexiao Lian, Miaoli Wu, Li Xiao, Yujun Zhu, Yu Zhang, Meili Chen, Ren Huang, Manlin Luo, Feng Cong and Pengju Guo

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:305

    Content type: Methodology article

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  21. Canine pneumovirus (CPV) is a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in dogs, and recent outbreaks in shelters in America and Europe have been reported. However, based on published data and documents, the id...

    Authors: Chutchai Piewbang and Somporn Techangamsuwan

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:300

    Content type: Research article

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  22. In China, although the ALV eradication program and the MD vaccination strategy greatly reduce the disease burdens caused by the infection of ALV and MDV, the frequent emergence of novel ALV-K or vvMDV in the v...

    Authors: Tuofan Li, Jing Xie, Guangcheng Liang, Dan Ren, Shu Sun, Lu Lv, Quan Xie, Hongxia Shao, Wei Gao, Aijian Qin and Jianqiang Ye

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:288

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Although several studies have revealed that the sensitivity of ducklings to duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) was related to age, however, DTMUV was originally isolated from egg-laying ducks, and the ovary was the ta...

    Authors: Chuanwei Lv, Rong Li, Xingpo Liu, Ning Li and Sidang Liu

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:282

    Content type: Research article

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  24. Ferlaviruses are important pathogens in snakes often associated with respiratory and neurological disease. The detection of ferlaviral RNA by PCR is considered to be the most reliable method for the diagnosis ...

    Authors: Ekaterina Kolesnik, Timothy H. Hyndman, Elisabeth Müller, Michael Pees and Rachel E. Marschang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:281

    Content type: Research article

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  25. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection is a major cause of pyrexias in winter among Japanese racehorses. In 2014–2015, the Japan Racing Association (JRA) changed the EHV-1 vaccine from an inactivated vacc...

    Authors: Hiroshi Bannai, Koji Tsujimura, Manabu Nemoto, Minoru Ohta, Takashi Yamanaka, Hiroshi Kokado and Tomio Matsumura

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:280

    Content type: Research article

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  27. In Poland, the leader in goose production in Europe, goose parovirus infection, or Derzsy’s disease (DD), must be reported to the veterinary administration due to the serious economic and epizootic threat to w...

    Authors: Karolina Tarasiuk, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior, Bartłomiej Ferra and Andrzej Rapak

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:274

    Content type: Methodology article

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  28. Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is an infectious agent that can cause jaundice, severe anaemia, dyspnoea and reproductive disorders in fowls. Since 2015, FAdV disease has been rapidly spreading among broiler chickens i...

    Authors: Xiao-Yuan Yuan, You-Ling Wang, Kai Meng, Yu-Xia Zhang, Huai-Ying Xu and Wu Ai

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:256

    Content type: Methodology article

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  29. Canine Kobuvirus (CaKoV) has been detected both in healthy and diarrheic dogs and in asymptomatic wild carnivores. In this study, we conducted a survey of CaKoV at small animal hospitals in Bangkok and vicinit...

    Authors: Kamonpan Charoenkul, Taveesak Janetanakit, Supassama Chaiyawong, Napawan Bunpapong, Supanat Boonyapisitsopa, Ratanaporn Tangwangvivat and Alongkorn Amonsin

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:254

    Content type: Research article

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  30. Avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are important avian pathogens that can cause enormous economic loss on the poultry industry. Different respirat...

    Authors: Qian Xiao, Liping Yan, Lu Yao, Jing Lei, Zhenwei Bi, Jianhua Hu, Yuqing Chen, An Fang, Hui Li, Yuan Li, Yan Yan and Jiyong Zhou

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:253

    Content type: Methodology article

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  31. Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-preval...

    Authors: Jamilu Abubakar Bala, Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan, Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah, Lawan Adamu, Muhammad Syaafii bin Noorzahari, Lau Kah May, Hassana Kyari Mangga, Mohd Termizi Ghazali, Ramlan Bin Mohamed, Abd Wahid Haron, Mustapha Mohamed Noordin and Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:250

    Content type: Research article

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  32. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is an emergent/re-emergent viral pig disease (caused by the virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, in specific the Alphacoronavirus genus) of global importance. Clinical pre...

    Authors: Dragan Brnić, Ivana Šimić, Ivana Lojkić, Nina Krešić, Andreja Jungić, Davor Balić, Marica Lolić, Dražen Knežević and Brigita Hengl

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:249

    Content type: Research article

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  33. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). The infection of PCV2 is widespread and has serious consequence, thereby causing significant economic loss...

    Authors: Yi Hu, Xiong Cai, Yang Zhan, Xiaomin Yuan, Tanbin Liu, Lei Tan, Yalan Li, Lijie Zhang, Lingchen Yang, Wei Liu, Zhibang Deng, Naidong Wang, Yi Yang, Shiyin Guo and Aibing Wang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:248

    Content type: Research article

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  34. Recent studies have hypothesized that circulation of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) variants when the immunity induced by the vaccine is not sterilizing might favour viral persistence. Likewise, in additio...

    Authors: Liani Coronado, Jose Alejandro Bohórquez, Sara Muñoz-González, Lester Josue Perez, Rosa Rosell, Osvaldo Fonseca, Laiyen Delgado, Carmen Laura Perera, Maria Teresa Frías and Llilianne Ganges

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:247

    Content type: Research article

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  35. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary cattle disease caused by a Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. In Uganda, documented information on the epidemiology of the disease is rare and there is no nationwi...

    Authors: Sylvester Ochwo, Kimberly VanderWaal, Anna Munsey, Joseph Nkamwesiga, Christian Ndekezi, Elda Auma and Frank N. Mwiine

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:236

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. Immunomodulation is among the most concerning of toxic effects linked with PFAS exposure in mammalian m...

    Authors: Jose M. Castaño-Ortiz, Veerle L. B. Jaspers and Courtney A. Waugh

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:214

    Content type: Research article

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  37. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects various ungulates and causes reproductive failure in infected goats. BVDV has been detected among goats in the Republic of Korea, but the route of transmission remain...

    Authors: Jae-Ku Oem, Du-Gyeong Han and Kyoung-Seong Choi

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:202

    Content type: Research article

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  38. Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a disease that can result in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. The high level of mutations of the IB virus (IBV) leads to the emergence of new serotypes and geno...

    Authors: Raimundas Lelešius, Agneta Karpovaitė, Rūta Mickienė, Tomas Drevinskas, Nicola Tiso, Ona Ragažinskienė, Loreta Kubilienė, Audrius Maruška and Algirdas Šalomskas

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:178

    Content type: Research article

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  39. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe infectious disease in both domestic and wild small ruminants. Due to its heavy economic burden and hence social and health impacts on human populations, Food and Ag...

    Authors: Reza Shahriari, Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti and Ali Mohammadi

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:177

    Content type: Research article

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  40. Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important pathogen that can cause serious disease in poultry. Though several in vitro studies revealed some molecular mechanisms that are responsible for ARV-induced autophagy, it is...

    Authors: Xiaosai Niu, Chengcheng Zhang, Yuyang Wang, Mengjiao Guo, Baoyang Ruan, Xuefeng Wang, Tianqi Wu, Xiaorong Zhang and Yantao Wu

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:173

    Content type: Research article

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  41. Seneca Valley virus (SVV) has emerged in multiple countries in recent years. SVV infection can cause vesicular lesions clinically indistinguishable from those caused by other vesicular disease viruses, such as...

    Authors: Jianqiang Zhang, Charles Nfon, Chuan-Fu Tsai, Chien-Hsien Lee, Lindsay Fredericks, Qi Chen, Avanti Sinha, Sarah Bade, Karen Harmon, Pablo Piñeyro, Phillip Gauger, Yun-Long Tsai, Hwa-Tang Thomas Wang and Pei-Yu Alison Lee

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:168

    Content type: Research article

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  42. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is considered highly fatal in its naturally occurring form, although up to 36% of cats resist disease after experimental infection, suggesting that cats in nature may also r...

    Authors: Farina Mustaffa-Kamal, Hongwei Liu, Niels C. Pedersen and Ellen E. Sparger

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:165

    Content type: Research article

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  43. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is associated with respiratory infections in cattle of all ages; however, a temporal study to evaluate the effect of BCV immunity on virus shedding and bovine respiratory disease (BRD)...

    Authors: Aspen M. Workman, Larry A. Kuehn, Tara G. McDaneld, Michael L. Clawson and John Dustin Loy

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:161

    Content type: Research article

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  44. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an important respiratory pathogen worldwide, detrimentally affecting the economy and animal welfare. To prevent and control BRSV infection, further knowledge on vir...

    Authors: Thea Blystad Klem, Siri Kulberg Sjurseth, Ståle Sviland, Britt Gjerset, Mette Myrmel and Maria Stokstad

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:156

    Content type: Research article

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  45. Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting ducks. It can be caused by five agents, including duck hepatitis A virus genotypes 1 (DHAV-1), 2 (DHAV-2), and 3 (DHAV-3), as well as d...

    Authors: Minghang Wang, Ziheng Li, Huicong Liu, Xiaoyan Wang and Dabing Zhang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:153

    Content type: Research article

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  46. Caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV3) is major pathogen of goat herds causing serious respiratory tract disease and economic losses to the goat industry in China. We analyzed the differential proteomics o...

    Authors: Chunyan Zhong, Jizong Li, Li Mao, Maojun Liu, Xing Zhu, Wenliang Li, Min Sun, Xinqin Ji, Fang Xiao, Leilei Yang, Wenwen Zhang and Zheng Liao

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:151

    Content type: Research article

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  47. The absence of virus expression during the chronic stage of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and its reactivation upon ex vivo culture has become a long-lived Dogma. During the chronic stage of BLV infect...

    Authors: Juan Pablo Jaworski, Marcos Iván Petersen, Hugo Adrián Carignano and Karina Gabriela Trono

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:150

    Content type: Case Report

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  48. Novel Muscovy duck reovirus (N-MDRV), emerged in southeast China in 2002, which can infect a wide range of waterfowl and induces clinical signs and cytopathic effects that are distinct from those of classical ...

    Authors: Xue-Lian Zhang, Jian-Wei Shao, Xiao-Wen Li, Min-Min Mei, Jin-Yue Guo, Wen-Feng Li, Wen-Jing Huang, Shi-Hong Chi, Sheng Yuan, Zhi-Li Li and Shu-Jian Huang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:143

    Content type: Research article

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  49. There is paucity of data on the virulence of highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIV) H7 in ducks compared to HPAIV H5. Here, the virulence of HPAIV H7N1 (designated H7N1-FPV34 and H7N1-It99) and H...

    Authors: David Scheibner, Claudia Blaurock, Thomas C. Mettenleiter and Elsayed M. Abdelwhab

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:142

    Content type: Research article

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  50. Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) are causative agents of diarrhea in dogs and cats, which manifests as depression, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, leucopenia, and diarrhea in young animal...

    Authors: Yaru Sun, Yuening Cheng, Peng Lin, Hewei Zhang, Li Yi, Mingwei Tong, Zhigang Cao, Shuang Li, Shipeng Cheng and Jianke Wang

    Citation: BMC Veterinary Research 2019 15:141

    Content type: Research article

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