Table 5 Doppler-derived echocardiographic parameters in brachycephalic breeds with and without signs of BOAS

MVE (m/s)

0.79 (0.68–0.96)

0.80 (0.71–0.98)

0.66 (0.56–0.76)

0.67 (0.56–0.75)

0.74 (0.64–0.84)

MVA (m/s)

0.58 (0.51–0.81)

0.53 (0.45–0.62)

0.45 (0.42–0.52)

0.42 (0.36–0.49)

0.51 (0.44–0.57)

MVE/A

1.37 (1.17–1.80)

1.50 (1.41–1.76)

1.45 (1.20–1.80)

1.52 (0.93–1.61)

1.66 (1.14–1.81)

TVE (m/s)

0.78 (0.60–0.87)**

0.57 (0.43–0.68)**

0.63 (0.50–0.75)

0.49 (0.34–0.70)

0.73 (0.57–0.82)

TVA (m/s)

0.47 (0.39–0.61)

0.39 (0.34–0.46)

0.39 (0.29–0.47)

0.31 (0.23–0.47)

0.41 (0.37–0.47)

TVE/A

1.52 (1.46–1.69)

1.36 (1.21–1.49)

1.89 (1.49–1.96)

1.60 (1.34–1.69)

1.62 (1.44–1.85)

MVE/TVE

1.04 (0.95–1.27)**

1.60 (1.34–1.73)**

1.05 (0.95–1.28)

1.37 (0.85–2.15)

1.04 (0.83–1.34)

MVA/TVA

1.16 (1.01–1.37)

1.36 (1.07–1.61)

1.22 (0.90–1.48)

1.45 (0.83–2.00)

1.16 (0.90–1.35)

Sm (cm/s)

11.0 (6.80–12.60)

8.85 (7.53–12.38)

7.0 (5.63–9.30)

6.30 (5.35–8.15)

10.20 (8.15–10.90)

Em (cm/s)

10.30 (8.20–12.90)

12.20 (9.65–13.20)

7.75 (6.88–9.93)

6.10 (4.35–8.75)

9.50 (7.80–13.0)

MVE/Em (cm/s)

7.60 (6.10–9.90)

7.10 (6.55–7.75)

7.80 (7.10–9.03)**

11.0 (8.15–13.75)**

7.10 (5.95–9.0)

Am (cm/s)

6.0 (4.50–8.10)✩

6.95 (4.78–7.90)

4.10 (2.80–7.68)✩

6.0 (4.90–7.85)

8.20 (6.85–9.65)

Si (cm/s)

5.90 (4.60–9.50)✩

7.50 (5.33–9.75)

6.65 (5.20–7.55)✩

5.30 (4.35–6.05)

8.10 (6.15–8.45)✩

Ei (cm/s)

7.50 (5.0–8.80)

6.60 (5.78–7.68)

6.50 (4.58–8.13)

5.50 (4.55–6.10)

7.20 (5.0–8.10)

MVE/Ei (cm/s)

10.70 (9.50–12.70)

12.30 (10.10–15.85)

10.35 (8.0–14.08)

11.80 (9.75–16.05)

10.50 (8.90–16.10)

Ai (cm/s)

5.20 (4.0–7.30)

5.85 (4.98–7.58)

6.70 (4.90–7.48)**

4.40 (3.65–4.75)**

5.40 (4.80–7.80)

St (cm/s)

9.20 (7.60–13.90)

7.90 (6.73–10.10)

9.10 (6.65–11.95)

6.60 (6.05–9.0)

11.10 (7.85–11.45)

Et (cm/s)

10.20 (8.30–11.80)

8.85 (8.38–10.75)

9.25 (8.05–11.5)

7.60 (7.10–9.55)

10.30 (9.25–11.5)

TVE/Et (cm/s)

7.38 (5.83–8.27)

6.17 (4.38–7.24)

7.03 (5.60–8.09)

5.26 (4.23–8.91)

7.44 (5.93–8.52)

At (cm/s)

7.60 (7.10–11.90)

8.70 (6.33–10.78)

7.75 (5.70–8.50)**

5.10 (4.60–6.75)**

8.30 (6.55–9.95)

GSAplax (%)

19.30 (14.56–23.08)

18.70 (16.75–21.20)

18.80 (13.68–21.4)

15.80 (13.80–20.35)

20.35 (16.90–26.53)

GSLV4ch (%)

20.05 (16.68–21.05)

19.30 (14.50–21.90)

16.40 (12.75–20.9)

17.50 (13.95–19.60)

20.60 (17.33–22.03)

GSLV2ch (%)

21.20 (16.33–23.0)

19.10 (14.75–21.30)

17.90 (12.50–18.95)

13.70 (11.90–18.75)

21.50 (16.2–28.48)

GSLV (%)

19.60 (18.35–22.03)

18.83 (16.60–21.85)

18.82 (12.68–21.10)

15.67 (13.75–19.0)

21.90 (17.25–24.2)

GSRV (%)

21.05 (16.10–24.08)

17.15 (14.28–19.73)

18.1 (14.80–22.93)

14.40 (12.20–16.15)

21.80 (19.4–25.29)