Table 3 Doppler-derived echocardiographic parameters in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs
Variable (unit) | French Bulldogs (n = 30) | Pugs (n = 15) | Boston Terriers (n = 12) | Brachycephalic dogs (n = 57) | Non-brachycephalic dogs (n = 10) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MVE (m/s) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91)** | 0.67 (0.57–0.74) | 0.74 (0.62–0.84) | 0.74 (0.67–0.83) | 0.72 (0.60–0.79) |
MVA (m/s) | 0.54 (0.50–0.65) | 0.45 (0.42–0.52)** | 0.49 (0.39–0.57) | 0.52 (0.44–0.60) | 0.53 (0.46–0.61) |
MVE/A | 1.43 (1.26–1.62) | 1.5 (1.17–1.62) | 1.62 (1.13–1.79) | 1.50 (1.22–1.67) | 1.38 (1.19–1.56) |
TVE (m/s) | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | 0.62 (0.45–0.72) | 0.69 (0.55–0.77) | 0.65 (0.55–0.78) | 0.65 (0.50–0.76) |
TVA (m/s) | 0.44 (0.37–0.56) | 0.38 (0.29–0.46) | 0.39 (0.37–0.48) | 0.40 (0.36–0.50) | 0.47 (0.36–0.52) |
TVE/A | 1.51 (1.34–1.65) | 1.69 (1.45–1.90) | 1.61 (1.42–1.77) | 1.52 (1.39–1.72) | 1.45 (1.27–1.79) |
MVE/TVE | 1.13 (1.01–1.55) | 1.10 (0.95–1.38) | 1.09 (0.92–1.42) | 1.12 (0.99–1.44) | 1.13 (0.97–1.25) |
MVA/TVA | 1.19 (1.04–1.47) | 1.31 (0.90–1.55) | 1.19 (1.0–1.38) | 1.20 (1.01–1.46) | 1.05 (0.95–1.33) |
Sm (cm/s) | 10.60 (7.35–12.35) | 6.40 (5.40–9.10)** | 9.60 (7.05–10.83) | 8.65 (6.4–10.98) | 8.40 (7.7–12.15) |
Em (cm/s) | 11.10 (8.70–12.9) | 7.50 (6.10–9.00)** | 8.75 (7.0–11.05) | 9.15 (7.15–11.88) | 10.50 (8.3–12.15) |
MVE/Em (cm/s) | 7.50 (6.35–8.75) | 8.20 (7.30–11.00)** | 8.35 (6.22–9.8) | 7.65 (6.6–9.48) | 6.70 (5.7–9.05) |
Am (cm/s) | 6.00 (4.60–7.80)** | 5.30 (3.60–6.90)** | 7.75 (6.83–8.65) | 6.50 (4.50–8.20)** | 9.80 (7.85–10.80) |
Si (cm/s) | 6.70 (5.05–9.55)** | 6.40 (5.20–6.90)** | 7.95 (5.3–8.47)** | 6.60 (5.13–8.65)** | 9.40 (8.0–13.35) |
Ei (cm/s) | 6.90 (5.45–8.65) | 5.80 (4.80–7.10)** | 7.00 (4.65–7.85) | 6.60 (4.11–7.98) | 8.10 (6.45–9.10) |
MVE/Ei (cm/s) | 11.20 (9.75–13.95) | 10.50 (8.90–13.80) | 10.80 (9.95–27.35) | 11.0 (9.43–13.80)** | 9.70 (7.10–11.30) |
Ai (cm/s) | 5.60 (4.50–7.40) | 5.10 (4.40–7.40) | 5.40 (4.58–8.50) | 5.40 (4.43–7.38)** | 7.20 (5.75–8.85) |
St (cm/s) | 8.90 (7.30–13.0) | 7.90 (6.50–11.30) | 11.10 (7.23–11.58) | 8.90 (7.2–11.45) | 9.40 (8.15–18.80) |
Et (cm/s) | 9.10 (8.35–11.45) | 8.80 (7.40–10.90) | 10.30 (9.08–11.65) | 9.60 (8.3–11.35) | 10.10 (6.60–12.10) |
TVE/Et (cm/s) | 6.86 (5.62–7.70) | 6.59 (5.04–8.32)** | 7.16 (4.61–7.52) | 6.87 (5.25–7.79) | 7.23 (5.90–8.45) |
At (cm/s) | 8.60 (7.10–11.55) | 6.90 (5.10–8.4) | 8.65 (6.50–9.98) | 7.70 (6.4–10.0) | 9.90 (7.55–15.45) |
GSAplax (%) | 19.20 (15.0–22.0) | 17.95 (13.86–20.9) | 20.2 (15.8–24.6) | 19.15 (15.33–22.30) | 18.60 (16.35–19.93) |
GSLV4ch (%) | 19.80 (16.6–20.9) | 16.95 (13.4–20.45) | 19.8 (17.1–21.8) | 19.25 (16.25–20.83) | 18.2 (17.25–18.95) |
GSLV2ch (%) | 19.60 (16.25–22.8) | 16.90 (7.96–18.7) | 20.4 (14.8–27.2) | 18.20 (14.75–22.35) | 19.55 (16.50–22.33) |
GSLV (%) | 19.33 (17.25–21.75) | 17.37 (13.07–20.43)** | 21.7 (16.1–23.5) | 19.30 (16.1–21.75) | 19.0 (17.38–20.73) |
GSRV (%) | 18.90 (14.6–23.41)** | 16.90 (14.4–21.2) | 21.5 (19.1–25.35) | 18.70 (14.80–22.85)** | 22.7 (20.4–26.8) |