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Table 2 Age, weight, and 2D and M-mode echocardiographic parameters in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs

From: Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome

Variable (unit)

French Bulldogs (n = 30)

Pugs (n = 15)

Boston Terriers (n = 12)

Brachycephalic dogs (n = 57)

Non-brachycephalic dogs (n = 10)

Age (years)

1.52 (1.06–2.57)**

3.08 (1.12–4.42)

3.22 (1.62–6.56)

2.22 (1.26–4.07)

3.48 (2.86–4.85)

Weight (kg)

10.0 (9.15–12.25)**

9.0 (7.70–10.0)**

7.15 (6.35–9.93)**

9.5 (8.0–11.6)**

13.3 (10.90–14.70)

LA/Ao

1.56 (1.44–1.60)**

1.49 (1.45–1.62)

1.55 (1.50–1.68)**

1.55 (1.47–1.62)**

1.44 (1.35–1.54)

AoI (cm/kg1/3)

0.71 (0.65–0.75)

0.67 (0.62–0.77)

0.73 (0.63–0.76)

0.71 (0.64–0.76)

0.75 (0.71–1.18)

LASaxI (cm/kg1/3)

1.10 (1.01–1.15)

1.01 (0.94–1.12)

1.09 (1.03–1.13)

1.08 (1.01–1.14)

1.06 (1.01–1.19)

LALaxI (cm/kg1/3)

1.16 (1.07–1.20)

1.0 (0.97–1.12)**

1.24 (1.20–1.30)

1.16 (1.03–1.22)

1.20 (1.13–1.25)

IVSdI (cm/kg1/3)

0.33 (0.28–0.37)

0.34 (0.29–0.35)

0.39 (0.32–0.44)

0.34 (0.29–0.38)

0.36 (0.33–0.40)

LVIDdI (cm/kg1/3)

1.35 (1.27–1.48)

1.27 (1.15–1.34)**

1.45 (1.39–1.63)

1.35 (1.27–1.47)**

1.48 (1.30–1.56)

LVPWdI (cm/kg1/3)

0.35 (0.31–0.39)

0.34 (0.29–0.37)

0.36 (0.35–0.40)

0.35 (0.31–0.38)

0.33 (0.31–0.39)

IVSsI (cm/kg1/3)

0.43 (0.38–0.48)**

0.39 (0.36–0.43)**

0.57 (0.44–0.60)

0.43 (0.38–0.53)

0.51 (0.42–0.62)

LVIDsI (cm/kg1/3)

0.89 (0.75–0.98)

0.91 (0.82–0.93)

0.85 (0.75–0.98)

0.89 (0.77–0.97)

1.01 (0.88–1.03)

LVPWsI (cm/kg1/3)

0.46 (0.42–0.54)

0.43 (0.38–0.48)**

0.54 (0.51–0.58)**

0.48 (0.42–0.54)

0.49 (0.46–0.52)

FS (%)

36.5 (31.0–43.0)

31.0 (25.0–37.0)

40.0 (33.75–47.75)**

36.0 (31.0–43.0)

33.0 (28.75–36.75)

RVIDbasI (cm/kg1/3)

0.70 (0.60–0.77)

0.65 (0.57–0.73)**

0.73 (0.63–0.78)

0.70 (0.60–0.76)

0.68 (0.54–0.76)

RVIDmidI (cm/kg1/3)

0.72 (0.65–0.77)

0.63 (0.61–0.77)

0.83 (0.64–0.86)

0.71 (0.63–0.82)

0.72 (0.65–0.85)

RVIDlongI(cm/kg1/3)

1.30 (1.18–1.39)

1.25 (1.19–1.36)

1.32 (1.13–1.45)

1.30 (1.18–1.39)

1.27 (1.15–1.38)

RVIDlong/RVIDmid

1.78 (1.59–2.06)

1.93 (1.65–2.14)

1.75 (1.56–1.90)

1.83 (1.60–2.06)

1.79 (1.57–2.04)

RVAdI (cm2/kg2/3)

0.77 (0.70–0.89)

0.57 (0.50–0.64)**

0.88 (0.61–1.01)

0.75 (0.60–0.90)

0.85 (0.72–1.02)

RVAsI (cm2/kg2/3)

0.40 (0.35–0.45)

0.27 (0.23–0.39)**

0.44 (0.31–0.56)

0.39 (0.31–0.48)

0.52 (0.39–0.58)

FAC (%)

47.5 (43.0–56.0)

47.0 (34.0–53.0)

49.50 (39.0–55.5)

48.0 (41.0–54.0)

45.50 (39.75–46.25)

RAAI (cm2/kg2/3)

0.73 (0.66–0.86)

0.60 (0.48–0.80)

0.67 (0.55–0.85)

0.71 (0.60–0.85)

0.76 (0.66–4.75)

TAPSEI (cm/kg1/3)

0.50 (0.42–0.57)**

0.47 (0.35–0.56)**

0.52 (0.41–0.63)

0.49 (0.41–0.58)**

0.62 (0.55–0.67)

MAPSEI (cm/kg1/3)

0.39 (0.34–0.48)

0.37 (0.29–0.40)**

0.47 (0.41–0.54)

0.40 (0.33–0.47)

0.44 (0.39–0.52)

CVCII (cm/kg1/3)

0.23 (0.17–0.28)

0.16 (0.13–0.22)

0.25 (0.22–0.32)**

0.23 (0.16–0.28)

0.20 (0.20–0.23)

CVCEI (cm/kg1/3)

0.39 (0.35–0.45)

0.35 (0.29–0.42)

0.43 (0.38–0.48)**

0.40 (0.35–0.44)

0.39 (0.35–0.44)

CVCCI (%)

37.5 (33.3–50.0)**

50.0 (43.7–53.6)

40.0 (37.5–42.9)**

42.86 (34.1–50.0)

50 (44.1–51.79)

  1. In brachycephalic groups, both dogs with and without signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome are included, data are presented as medians (interquartile range: 25th – 75th percentile), AoI Aortic diameter index, CVCEI Caudal vena cava at expiration index, CVCII Caudal vena cava at inspiration index, CVCCI Caudal vena cava collapsibility index = (CVCE–CVCI)/CVCE*100%, FAC Fractional area change of right ventricle, FS Fractional shortening of left ventricle, I Weight dependable variable index = one dimensional as variable/weight1/3 and two dimensional as variable/weight2/3, IVSdI Thickness of interventricular septum in diastole index, IVSsI Thickness of interventricular septum in systole index, LALaxI Diameter left atrium in long axis index, LASaxI Diameter of left atrium in short axis index, LA/Ao Left atrium in short axis to aortic diameter ratio, LVIDdI Left ventricular internal diameter in diastole index, LVIDsI Left ventricular internal diameter in systole index, LVPWdI Thickness of left ventricular posterior wall in diastole index, LVPWsI Thickness of left ventricular posterior wall in systole index, MAPSEI Mitral annular plane systolic excursion index, RAAI Right atrial area index, RVAdI Right ventricular area in diastole index, RVAsI Right ventricular area in systole index, RVIDbasI Right ventricular internal diameter at base index, RVIDmidI Right ventricular internal diameter in mid cavity index, RVIDlongI Right ventricular longitudinal diameter index, TAPSEI Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index
  2. ** = significant differences to non-brachycephalic dogs