Table 2 Physical examination, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings of dogs with MMVD and control group

Heart rate (bpm)

126.33±4.96a

(104-140)

127.64 ± 3.75 a

(108-160)

129.17 ± 4.90a

(120-150)

158.50 ± 7.45b

(146-180)

163.33 ± 6.00b

(155-175)

Murmur intensity

No

No / < 3/6

≥3/6

> 3/6

> 3/6

LA:AO ratio

1.27 ± 0.02 a

(1.20-1.37)

1.30 ± 0.04a

(1.06-1.5)

1.67 ± 0.03b

(1.6-1.8)

2.07 ± 0.21c

(1.7-2.68)

2.46 ± 0.13 d

(2.2-2.60)

LVIDd (mm)

19.96 ± 0.92 a

(18-23)

25.24 ± 2.28 a

(16-41)

28.17 ± 1.88a

(21-33)

31.20 ± 2.73 a

(27-39)

44.20 ± 13.11b

(30-70)

LVIDdN (cm/kg^0.294)

1.09 ± 0.04 a

(1.03-1.22)

1.31 ± 0.07 b

(0.76-1.56)

1.59 ± 0.09 b

(1.35-1.90)

1.76 ± 0.15 c

(1.49-2.22)

2.52 ± 0.7 c

(1.77-3.97)

VHS

9.7 ± 0.18 a

(9.4-10.3)

9.99 ± 0.1a

(9.5-10.5)

10.10 ± 0.07 a

(9.9-10.4)

11.2 ± 0.27 b

(10.8-12)

11.53 ± 0.14 b

(11.3-11.8)

Radiographic evidence of pulmonary infiltrates

No

No

No

Yes

Yes