Fig. 4

The effect of piperine on mRNA of TNF-α-induced proinflammatory cytokines in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid. Cells were treated with 50 ng/mL TNF-α with or without 8 or 20 μg/mL piperine for 24 hours. Cell were harvested for mRNA expression. GAPDH was measured as housekeeping gene. a The mRNA expression of TNF-α in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid (n = 4) (****: p-value < 0.0001 compared with vehicle, ####: p-value < 0.0001 compared with 50 ng/mL TNF-α. (b) The mRNA expression of IL-1β in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid (n = 4)(**: p-value < 0.01 compared with vehicle, ##: p-value < 0.01 compared with 50 ng/mL TNF-α). c The mRNA expression of IL-6 in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid (n = 4) (**: p-value < 0.01 compared with vehicle, #: p-value < 0.05 compared with 50 ng/mL TNF-α). d The mRNA expression of IL-8 in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid (n = 4) (**: p-value < 0.01 compared with vehicle, #: p-value < 0.05 compared with 50 ng/mL TNF-α). e The representative images of protein expression of IL-1β and β-actin in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid. f The protein expression of IL-1β in 2D porcine duodenal enteroid (n = 3) (*: p-value < 0.05 compared with vehicle, ##: p-value < 0.01 compared with 50 ng/mL TNF-α)