Fig. 5

LEfSe analysis of statistically different biomarkers in stomach content. The non-parametric factorial Kruskal–Wallis Sum-Rank test (non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis and rank test) was used to detect the species with significant difference in bacterial abundance in the stomach content of foals from different grain sources, and then the difference between groups was determined using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Finally, LDA was used to reduce and evaluate the impact size of significantly different species (i.e., LDA score). A Histogram of LDA value distribution, showing the biomarkers with statistical differences between groups with an LDA score greater than the set value of 4. The length of the bar chart represents the influence size of different species (i.e., LDA score). The groupings indicated by the letters of the alphabet are shown in the legend at the top left, Green and o represents species with significant abundance difference in the oats group, and red and c represents species with significant abundance difference in the corn group. B Evolutionary branching diagram obtained through the LEfSe analysis. In the figure, circles radiating from the inside to the outside represent taxonomic levels from phylum to genus (or species). Each small circle at different taxonomic levels represents a taxon at that level, and the diameter of the small circle is proportional to the relative abundance. The groupings indicated by the letters of the alphabet are shown in the legend at the top left, Green and o represents species with significant abundance difference in the oats group, and red and c represents species with significant abundance difference in the corn group