Berberine supplementation modulates the somatotropic axis and ameliorates glucose tolerance in dairy goats during late gestation and early lactation

Table 3 Effects of BBR supplementing on glucose and insulin kinetics of transition dairy Saanen goats during intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT)

Item¹	Treatments ²				SEM³	P-value
Item¹	CTRL	BBR1	BBR2	BBR4	SEM³	P-value
Glucose
Basal glucose (mg/dl)	49.5	47.2	51.0	52.7	2.33	0.417
CR (% min)	1.59^c	1.70^bc	1.88^ab	1.95^a	0.031	0.006
T _½ (min)	43.80^a	41.3^ab	36.8^bc	35.9^c	0.940	0.020
T _basal (min)	70.14^a	63.82^a	52.90^b	50.85^b	1.32	0.001
AUC 120	1376^a	1334^a	1206^b	1195^b	12.94	0.031
Insulin
Basal insulin (mg/dl)	24.7^b	25.8^b	28.2^a	28.3^a	0.593	0.029
CR (% min)	1.53^c	1.55^bc	1.89^ab	1.99^a	0.061	0.013
T _½ (min)	56.8^a	54.4^ab	46.5^bc	44.6^c	1.46	0.023
AUC 120	710^a	689^a	622^b	617^b	11.85	0.001

Values are least-square means
^a–cMeans with different superscript letters within a row are different (P ≤ 0.05); the highest value are indicated with letter a, followed by b and c
¹CR; The clearance rate of glucose and insulin after their maximum concentrations as a consequence of glucose injection, T _½; the half-life or the time needed for glucose and insulin levels to return to half of their maximum concentrations. T _basal; The time needed for glucose and insulin to return to their basal levels. AUC; The area under the curve glucose and insulin after glucose injection (calculated using trapezoid method)
²CTRL, BBR1, BBR2 and BBR4 supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 4 g BBR/d, respectively
³Pooled standard error of mean

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