Fig. 3

Effectiveness of preventive interventions against morbidity and mortality in ruminant livestock. The y-axis shows the specific diseases evaluated by species of livestock, with included study references in parenthesis. The x-axis shows the protection rates offered by the interventions against the specified diseases on a percentage scale. Interventions that did not offer protection against a disease in an included study have a 0% protection rate on the scale. Shapes are used to distinguish between study types while colors distinguish between the different preventive interventions evaluated in the included studies. “randomized” represents experimental studies implemented under controlled clinical conditions while “random. (field)” represents experimental studies implemented under natural field conditions. “epidemiological” denotes all other study types except experimental studies implemented in the included studies. “AM Tx” denotes antimicrobial treatment. “other” denotes the other interventions including deworming and dipping. The position of shapes on the percentage scale denote the protection rates of the interventions against morbidity to the specified diseases of interest in the included studies.”+” in a shape represents protection rate of the interventions against mortality to the specified disease. “b” denotes a study that evaluated test and slaughter strategy in buffalos