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Table 1 Means and standard deviation (SD) from five replicates of the measurements of the cows’ saliva specimens labeled C1 (clean saliva), C2 (clean saliva after incubation during 5 min at 38 °C), F (saliva with a total mixed ration usefully offered to lactation dairy cows), H (saliva with wheat hay), and G (saliva with grass); and of the deionized water specimens labeled C2w (water after incubation during 5 min at 38 °C), Fw (water with a total mixed ration usually offered to lactation dairy cows), Hw (water with wheat hay), and Gw (water with grass)

From: Changes in salivary analytes in cows due to the in vitro presence of feed

  

SALIVA

DEIONIZED WATER

  

C1

C2

F

H

G

P value1

C2w

Fw

Hw

Gw

sCor

(µg/dL)

mean

0.094

0.109

0.116

0.109

0.094

.461

0.055aa

0.050aa

0.105

0.050aa

SD

0.009

0.014

0.034

0.029

0.006

 

0.008

0.000

0.031

0.000

sAA

(IU/L)

mean

1.2

1.3

4.8b

2.5a

1.9a

.001

0.2a

2.1a

0.9

1.1a

SD

0.5

0.6

1.1

0.8

0.4

0.3

0.6

0.2

0.5

BChE

(nmol/mL/min)

mean

15.3

14.7

21.4a

14.2

22.8a

.017

0.9ba

8.8ab

2.9ab

6.4aa

SD

2.3

2.5

2.6

1.5

4.7

0.3

0.2

1.0

2.5

TEA

(IU/L)

mean

80.1

84.3

126.0c

103.8a

83.5

.006

0.0dd

13.3cb

14.8db

9.6cb

SD

0.83

3.80

7.99

15.72

3.05

0.00

2.67

0.55

1.08

Lip

(IU/L)

mean

5.7

3.9a

0.0d

2.5

3.1b

.024

3.2ab

0.0d

4.0

4.5

SD

0.3

0.1

0.0

2.4

0.3

0.1

0.0

5.0

0.7

ADA

(IU/L)

mean

2.2

2.0

4.2a

1.9

1.9b

.003

0.1 cc

4.7b

0.5aa

0.4ba

SD

0.0

0.1

1.2

0.7

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.5

0.3

TEAC

mean

0.053

0.056

0.580c

0.591c

0.320a

 < .001

0.000d

0.405b

0.410b

0.688a

(mmol/L)

SD

0.001

0.002

0.078

0.127

0.165

0.000

0.025

0.047

0.238

FRAS (mmol/L)

mean

0.101

0.095

0.739c

0.959a

0.572c

 < .001

0.000 cc

0.512ca

0.690a

1.466b

SD

0.003

0.002

0.095

0.218

0.293

0.000

0.016

0.077

0.650

CUPRAC (mmol/L)

mean

0.099

0.101

0.561d

0.635c

0.371a

 < .001

0.047dc

0.407da

0.485b

0.847aa

SD

0.001

0.002

0.067

0.134

0.181

0.001

0.004

0.052

0.306

uric acid (µmol/L)

mean

6.12

6.49

9.71c

3.78b

1.10a

.001

5.12

2.38bb

0.00ba

0.00b

SD

0.41

0.37

0.54

1.14

2.08

0.66

0.48

0.00

0.00

AOPP (µmol/L)

mean

51.3

37.2b

434.6c

401.9b

386.9a

.002

5.0cb

215.4ba

229.2b

514.3a

SD

2.9

3.6

67.8

142.9

203.8

1.4

11.5

33.9

230.1

AST

(IU/L)

mean

3.5

3.1

13.8a

10.9a

78.9a

.021

0.2bb

8.9a

28.7bb

322.5aa

SD

0.6

0.2

5.6

4.3

44.8

0.3

2.9

5.2

160.3

ALP

(IU/L)

mean

22.6

17.6b

22.4

33.8

19.5b

.086

1.4 cc

5.9cb

16.8a

4.5bb

SD

0.7

0.4

2.0

13.5

0.9

0.2

1.5

8.3

2.1

gGT

(IU/L)

mean

23.6

19.0b

22.6

22.3

20.1a

.063

1.5 cc

3.0 cc

2.5cb

2.4 cc

SD

0.7

0.5

0.7

1.6

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.6

0.2

LDH

(IU/L)

mean

24.2

23.8

60.0b

24.9

24.7

.002

4.2bb

54.3a

5.6aa

3.7bb

SD

1.8

1.9

10.4

4.9

1.7

1.9

9.8

2.8

2.6

CK

(IU/L)

mean

2.1

1.9b

2.1

3.6a

43.0c

.001

0.0cb

0.4aa

2.3

55.6d

SD

0.07

0.09

0.23

0.76

8.97

0.00

0.32

0.10

0.52

creatinine (µmol/L)

mean

50.93

52.17

128.92d

91.43b

71.18a

 < .001

0.59 cc

77.51bb

20.63ab

25.05ca

SD

0.48

1.08

6.63

14.07

11.70

1.02

3.11

10.06

1.02

urea (mmol/L)

mean

3.45

3.41c

12.53d

3.68a

3.28b

.002

0.00bb

11.92c

0.13ac

0.00bb

SD

0.06

0.14

0.72

0.37

0.37

0.00

1.71

0.11

0.00

triglycerides (mmol/L)

mean

0.13

0.18c

1.41d

0.68a

0.18b

.002

0.06bb

1.38c

0.36

0.11a

SD

0.00

0.01

0.12

0.40

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.15

0.02

glucose (mmol/L)

mean

0.02

0.03a

3.93d

0.33a

0.13

 < .001

0.00a

4.18a

0.30a

0.50aa

SD

0.00

0.00

0.25

0.19

0.10

0.00

0.97

0.14

0.15

lactate (mmol/L)

mean

0.28

0.35

4.57d

0.37

0.25

.001

0.03ba

4.71d

0.09ba

0.02ba

SD

0.00

0.06

0.28

0.09

0.04

0.02

0.99

0.03

0.03

total protein (g/L)

mean

0.52

0.51

0.89c

0.54

0.86a

.014

0.01 cc

0.12bb

0.04cb

0.80

SD

0.01

0.02

0.06

0.03

0.25

0.00

0.03

0.01

0.40

phosphorus (mmol/L)

mean

7.70

7.55

6.25b

6.90c

7.64

 < .001

0.00 cd

2.38bb

0.26cb

2.24bb

SD

0.13

0.08

0.34

0.31

0.13

0.00

0.20

0.13

0.51

total calcium (mmol/L)

mean

0.33

0.08b

1.18d

0.53

0.19a

 < .001

0.00ab

3.40ba

0.79

0.93aa

SD

0.08

0.01

0.07

0.17

0.06

0.00

0.51

0.37

0.23

  1. sCor = Salivary cortisol; sAA = salivary alpha-amylase; BChE = butyrylcholinesterase; TEA = total esterase; Lip = lipase; ADA = adenosine deaminase; TEAC = Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; FRAS = The ferric reducing ability of saliva; CUPRAC = The cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; AOPP = Advanced oxidation protein products; AST = Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP = Alanine aminotransferase; gGT = γ-glutamyl transferase; LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase; CK = Creatine kinase
  2. 1One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) study to evaluate if there were differences in the values obtained between the saliva specimens C1 (clean control saliva), C2, F, H, and G
  3. a,b,c,d Upper letters show statistical results between the saliva specimens (C2, F, H, and G) with C1 in uncorrected Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test for multiple comparisons: a: P < .05; b: P < .01; c: P < .001; d: P < .0001
  4. a,b,c,d Down letters show statistical results between the water specimens (C2w, Fw, Hw, and Gw) with their homologous with saliva in uncorrected Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test for multiple comparisons: a: P < .05; b: P < .01; c: P < .001; d: P < .0001