Year | Ref | Procedure/Disease with/without LA | Grouping | Age/Weight | Sampling Times and Assay Platform | SP Concentrations | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Castration | |||||||
2008 | [8] | Surgical Castration | - Surgical Castration (n = 5) - Sham Castration (n = 5) - no LA | 4 to 6 months | - Baseline (24 and 12 h before procedure) - immediately after procedure - 10, 20, 30 and 45 min after procedure - 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 4 and 4 h after procedure - Competitive Immunoassay | Mean and SEM plasma SP Concentrations Surgical Castration Cmin 303.98 ± 119.73 pg/mL Cmax 888.92 ± 235.44 pg/mL Sham Castration Cmin 88.68 ± 23.93 pg/mL Cmax 691.38 ± 71.83 pg/ml | Castrated calves showed significantly (p = 0.042) greater mean plasma SP concentrations for all time points after castration or simulated castration than sham castrated calves. Clear between- and within- calf variations of SP throughout the study period were observed |
2013 | [19] | Band castration Cut-and-Clamp Cut-and-Pull | - CONT (control, n = 20) - BAND (n = 18) - CLAMP (n = 20) - PULL (n = 18) - no LA | 8 weeks (n = 40) 6 months (n = 40) | - Baseline - 60, 120, 240, 480, and 5760 min after castration - Competitive Immunoassay | No extractable numerical data | SP concentrations differed significantly (p = 0.01) by age; regardless of the method of castration, 6-months-old calves showed higher SP concentrations relative to 8-week-old calves |
[30] | Band Castration | - BAND (n = 7) - BAND-MEL (n = 7, castration and meloxicam) - SHAM (n = 7, sham castration) - no LA | 300.8 ± 4.96 kg | - Day 0 - Day 1 - Day 7 of trial - Competitive Immunoassay | LSM plasma SP Concentrations BAND, Day 0 143.05 pg/mL BAND, Day 1 167.24 pg/mL BAND-MEL, Day 0 158.69 pg/mL BAND-MEL, Day 1 159.66 pg/mL SHAM, Day 0 166.36 pg/mL SHAM, Day 1 151.45 pg/mL | There was no difference in plasma SP concentrations across treatments; meloxicam was administered on days -1, 0, and 1 in a dose of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.5 mg/kg BW respectively | |
2014 | [31] | Surgical Castration | - Flunixine (n = 24) - Placebo (n = 24) - ring block of 2% lidocaine for both groups | 25 ± 2 days | - directly before treatment with NSAID/Placebo - days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 - RIA | Mean and SE plasma SP Concentrations Flunixine 34 ± 1.1 pg/mL Saline 34 ± 1.1 pg/mL Baseline 41 ± 1.2 pg/mL Day 3 34 ± 1.2 pg/mL Day 21 30 ± 1.2 pg/mL | An effect of day on serum SP concentrations was observed (p < 0.001). SP concentrations were highest at baseline, dropped by day 3, and leveled out by day 21. The application of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg BW IV) had no effect on the serum SP concentrations; also, there was no interaction between drug an day |
2016 | [10] | Band Castration Surgical Castration | for both castration methods each - Meloxicam (n = 15) - Control (n = 15) - no LA | 4 to 5 months | - Day -2 - 5, 24, 48, and 72 h following castration - Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay | Mean and SE plasma SP Concentrations Day -1 Band, Meloxicam 243.9 ± 16.4 pg/mL Band, Control 268.2 ± 15.6 pg/mL Surgical, Meloxicam 249.8 ± 7.8 pg/mL Surgical, Control 244.5 ± 11.5 pg/mL Day 0 Band, Meloxicam 243.7 ± 13.9 pg/mL Band, Control 340.5 ± 23.0 pg/mL Surgical, Meloxicam 267.9 ± 11.2 pg/mL Surgical, Control 314.7 ± 13.4 pg/mL Day 1 Band, Meloxicam 261.8 ± 15.5 pg/mL Band, Control 335.5 ± 23.8 pg/mL Surgical, Meloxicam 260.6 ± 8.1 pg/mL Surgical, Control 304.4 ± 17.0 pg/mL Day 2 Band, Meloxicam 251.6 ± 14.9 pg/mL Band, Control 295.2 ± 16.3 pg/mL Surgical, Meloxicam 273.2 ± 10.4 pg/mL Surgical, Control 301.1 ± 17.0 pg/mL Day 3 Band, Meloxicam 253.7 ± 12.7 pg/mL Band, Control 264.9 ± 16.4 pg/mL Surgical, Meloxicam 333.7 ± 11.2 pg/mL Surgical, Control 334.8 ± 5.3 pg/mL | Plasma SP concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in control compared with meloxicam (1 mg/kg BW orally) treated animals, both on day 0 and day 1 and both for band as well as surgically castrated calves |
2017 | [32] | Band Castration Knife Castration | - CT (sham castration) - BA (band castration) - KN (knife castration) - no LA | 12 calves each per group 1 week (n = 36) 2 months (n = 36) 4 months (n = 36) | - Baseline (D-1), immediately before castration - weekly afterwards until end of trial (= sloughing off of testicles of banded calves) - RIA | SP concentrations 1 week old Control 60.6 pg/mL Band Castration 63.9 pg/mL Knife Castration 62.0 pg/mL 2 months old Control 80.1 pg/mL Band Castration 76.2 pg/mL Knife Castration 81.0 pg/mL 4 months old Control 103.3 pg/mL Band Castration 100.3 pg/mL Knife Castration 100.0 pg/mL | There was no effect of treatment on SP concentrations in 1-week, 2-months, and 4-months old calves |
[33] | Band Castration Knife Castration | - CT (sham castration) - BA (band castration) - KN (knife castration) - no LA | 12 calves each per group 1 week (n = 36) 2 months (n = 36) 4 months (n = 36) | - Baseline (D-1) - T0, 60, and 120 Minutes after castration - 7 days (D7) after castration - RIA | LSM serum SP Concentrations Day 0 and 7 after castration 1 week old: Control 92.6 pg/mL Band Castration 108.7 pg/mL Knife Castration 100.6 pg/mL 2 months old: Control 73.5 pg/mL Band Castration 70.1 pg/mL Knife Castration 66.8 pg/mL 4 months old: Control 102.9 pg/mL Band Castration 101.8 pg/mL Knife Castration 102.5 pg/mL 0, 60, 120 min after castration 1 week old: Control 72.1 pg/mL Band Castration 69.8 pg/mL Knife Castration 68.0 pg/mL 2 months old: Control 72.2 pg/mL Band Castration 70.6 pg/mL Knife Castration 68.9 pg/mL 4 months old: Control 103.5 pg/mL Band Castration 101.5 pg/mL Knife Castration 101.1 pg/mL | There was no treatment or interaction effect for SP in 1-week-old calves No treatment differences were seen for SP following castration in 2-months and 4-months-old calves | |
[5] | Knife Castration | - 6H (NSAID 6 h prior), n = 11) - 3H (NSAID 3 h prior, n = 12) - 0H (NSAID 0 h prior, n = 11) - no LA | 7 to 8 months | -D-7, D-5, D-2, D-1 before castration - immediately before castration (T0) - 30, 60, 120 and 240 min, after castration - 1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after castration - RIA | No extractable numerical data | There was no treatment or interaction effects for SP on the day of castration, but an overall increase in SP concentrations (p < 0.01) On days 1 to 28 after castration, there was a treatment x time interaction for SP (p = 0.01), with 6H and 3H calves (which received 0.5 mg/kg BW meloxicam SC 6 or 3 h prior to surgery, respectively) showing higher SP concentrations than 0H calves on day 1 after castration; 5 days following castration, SP concentrations tended to be higher in 3H compared with 6H calves | |
2018 | [20] | Surgical Castration | - CAST + FLU (flunixin meglumine, n = 8) - CAST + PLBO (placebo, n = 8) - SHAM + PLBO (placebo, n = 8) - no LA | 9 months | - Baseline on the morning of experiment - 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment application - RIA | No extractable numerical data | Following castration, there was no effect of topical flunixin meglumine (3.33 mg/kg BW) on SP concentrations. Also, there was no time effect or treatment by time interaction between the groups |
[34] | Band Castration Knife Castration | - CT (control, n = 24) - BA (band, n = 24) - KN (knife, n = 24) and in each group - NM (placebo, n = 36) - M (Meloxicam, n = 36) - no LA | 7 to 8 days | - Day -1 - T0, 60, 90, and 120 min after castration - day 1, 2, 3, and 7 after castration - RIA | LSM serum SP Concentrations Minutes after castration Control, NM97.1 pg/mL Control, M 103.1 Band, NM 101.7 pg/mL Band, M 93.4 pg/mL Knife, NM 102.7 pg/mL Knife, M 99.5 pg/mL Days after castration Control, NM 92.3 pg/mL Control, M 99.1 pg/mL Band, NM 100.2 pg/mL Band, M 91.7 pg/mL Knife, NM 99.1 pg/mL Knife, M 90.1 pg/mL | There was a trend (p = 0.09) for SP concentrations to be higher in NM compared with M (meloxicam at 0.5 mg/kg SC) calves 120 min after castration. Also, SP concentrations were higher (p = 0.04) on day 7, and tended to be higher (p = 0.08) on day 3 after castration in NM than in M calves There was also a trend (p = 0.06) for SP concentrations to be higher in CT-M, BA-NM, KN-NM calves than BA-M and KN-M calves | |
[35] | Knife Castration Branding | - CT (SHAM, n = 23) - KN (knife, n = 24) - BK (branding and knife, n = 24) and in each group - NM (placebo, n = 36) - M (Meloxicam, n = 36) - no LA | 67 to 87 days | - 24 h (Day -1) before castration - immediately before (T0) castration - 60, 90, 120, 180 min after castration - day 1, 2, 3, and 7 after castration -RIA | LSM serum SP Concentrations Minutes after castration Control 81.8 pg/mL Knife, NM 80.1 pg/mL Knife, M 79.4 pg/mL Branding + Knife, NM 82.6 pg/mL Branding + Knife, M 70.0 pg/mL Days after castration Control 82.2 pg/mL Knife, NM 78.7 pg/mL Knife, M 75.8 pg/mL Branding + Knife, NM 84.5 pg/mL Branding + Knife, M 81.4 pg/mL | There was no effect of procedure of medication (Meloxicam, 0.5 mg/kg SC) for SP at any time after the procedure | |
[36] | Surgical Castration | - NC-NLF (no castration, no analgesia, n = 10) - NC-LF (no castration, analgesia, n = 10) - C-NLF (castration, no analgesia, n = 10) - C-LF (castration, analgesia, n = 10) -ring block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride for LF treatments | 6.3 ± 0.09 months | - Immediately before castration - 0.5 and 6 h after castration - 1, 3, and 7 days after castration - ELISA | Plasma SP Concentrations 6 h following castration C-NLF 3.09 ng/mL NC-NLF 0.74 ng/mL Otherwise, no extractable numerical data | SP concentrations did not differ between groups 30 min after castration; at 6 h after castration, SP concentrations were significantly (p = 0.03) higher in C-NLF compared with C-LF (Castration with 12 ml lidocaine and 0.5 mg/kg BW flunixin meglumine) (3.09 ng/mL and 0.74 ng/mL respectively); SP concentrations returned to baseline values from day 1 on | |
2019 | [37] | Knife Castration | - PO (Meloxicam, 1 mg/kg—BW orally, n = 12) - SC (Meloxicam, 0.5 mg/kg—BW SC, n = 11) - no LA | 7 to 8 months | - Day -2 and -1 before castration - T0, and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 240 min after castration - day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 29 after castration - RIA | LSM serum SP Concentrations PO 83.0 pg/mL SC 78.7 pg/mL | SP concentrations were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in PO compared with SC calves |
2021 | [38] | Surgical Castration | - SHAM (castration), followed by - CAST (24 h later) - no LA | 6 weeks (n = 10) 3 months (n = 10) 6 months (n = 10) | - Immediately prior to both procedures (Time 0) - 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after the procedures - Competitive Immunoassay | No extractable numerical data | At later recovery times, SP concentrations were lower in CAST compared with SHAM. Younger calves (6 weeks old) showed lower SP concentrations in CAST than in SHAM (p = 0.0174) |
Dehorning | |||||||
2012 | [39] | Scoop Dehorning | - Meloxicam (n = 6) - Placebo (n = 6) - no LA | 16 to 20 weeks | - Baseline (prior to drug or placebo administration) - 5, 10, 15, 29, 30, and 60 min afterwards - 6, 22, 30, 45, and 52 h afterwards - ELISA | Mean and SEM plasma SP concentrations Placebo 114.70 ± 30.84 pg/mL Meloxicam 71.36 ± 20.84 pg/mL | Mean SP concentrations were significantly (p = 0.038) lower in meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg IV) treated compared with control calves. Plasma SP concentrations were estimated to be 0.5 less in the presence than in the absence of meloxicam treatment |
2013 | [40] | Cautery Dehorning | - MEL-PRE (NSAID pre-OP, n = 10) - MEL-POST (NSAID post-OP, n = 10) - CONT (control, n = 10) - cornual nerve block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride for all groups | 8 to 10 weeks | - 2 h before procedure (baseline) - 5, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, and 720 min after dehorning - Competitive Immunoassay | No extractable numerical data | At 120 min after dehorning, calves which received meloxicam (1 mg/kg orally) had significantly (p = 0.039) lower SP concentrations than control calves |
[41] | Scoop dehorning | - CONT (placebo, n = 8) - MEL (meloxicam, n = 8) - GBP (gabapentin, n = 8) - MEL + GBP (n = 8) - FLU (flunixin meglumine, n = 8) - cornual nerve block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride for all groups | 6 months | - Baseline (-10 min) before dehorning - 5 min after dehorning - 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after dehorning - Competitive Immunoassay | Mean and SD plasma SP concentrations Calves not treated with Analgesia 137.29 ± 42.97 pg/mL Calves treated with Analgesia 63.35 ± 21.25 pg/mL | No differences between treatment groups (Placebo, Meloxicam (1 mg/kg) orally, Gabapentin capsules (15 mg/kg) orally, Meloxicam and Gabapentin orally, or Flunixine meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) IV) were found. Mean plasma SP concentrations were significantly (p = 0.02) lower in calves treated with analgesics compared with control calves | |
2015 | [21] | Cautery Disbudding | - FIROCOXIB (NSAID, n = 10) - PLACEBO (n = 10) - cornual nerve block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride | 32.9 ± 3.9 days | - Baseline (1.5 h prior to dehorning) - 15 and 30 min, after dehorning - 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after dehorning - RIA | LSM and SE of plasma SP concentrations FIROCOXIB 22.7 ± 0.7 pg/mL PLACEBO 20.8 ± 0.4 pg/mL | SP concentrations were not different between placebo and firocoxib (0.5 mg/kg orally) treated calves. There was no effect of time or time x treatment in the 96 h sampling period |
2016 | [42] | Cautery Dehorning | - SHAM (n = 10) - PO (NSAID orally, n = 10) - SQ (NSAID SC, n = 10) - PLCBO (placebo, n = 10) - cornual nerve block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride | 50.9 ± 5.3 days | - Baseline (1 h prior to drug administration) - 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after dehorning - RIA | Mean plasma SP Concentrations with 95% CI Control PLCBO 17.0 pg/mL (14.8 – 19.5) SHAM 16.4 pg/mL (14.3 – 18.9) Carprofen PO 17.0 pg/mL (14.8 – 19.5) SQ 16.3 pg/mL (14.2 – 18.07) | No effect of treatment (carprofen, 1.4 mg/kg BW, either orally or SC), time, or time and treatment on SP concentrations. SP concentrations were greater (0.11 ± 0.039 pg/mL) in female than male calves (p = 0.005) |
2017 | [43] | Cautery Dehorning | - DH-FLU (dehorning and NSAID, n = 8) - SHAM-FLU (sham dehorning and NSAID, n = 8) - DH-PLBO (dehorning and placebo, n = 8) - no LA | 6 to 8 weeks | - Baseline on the morning of experiment - 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment application - RIA | Mean plasma SP Concentrations with 95% CI DH-FLU 103.5 pg/mL (92.7 – 114.4) SHAM-FLU (99.7 pg/mL (94.3 – 105.2) DH-PLBO 104.6 (96.2 – 113.1) | No effect of treament with topical flunixine meglumine (3.33 mg/kg) for SP concentrations |
2019 | [44] | Dehorning with Caustic Paste | - M1 (NSAID followed by placebo 24 h later, n = 15) - M2 (NSAID twice in 24 h, n = 15) - CONTROL (n = 16) - SHAM (sham disbudding, n = 15) - no LA | 3 days | - Baseline (5 min prior to disbudding) - 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after disbudding - RIA | LSM plasma SP Concentrations Control 164.47 pg/mL Sham 198.53 pg/mL M1 144.50 pg/mL M2 144.74 pg/mL | Plasma SP concentrations not different between plasma SP concentrations between CONTROL and M2 (45 mg Meloxicam orally 24 h apart) than SHAM or M1 (45 mg Meloxicam orally, followed by placebo). Calves in SHAM had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher plasma SP concentrations |
Other | |||||||
2013 | [45] | Infection with Mannheimia haemolytica i | - MH (infected calves, n = 10) - CN (control, n = 8) - no LA | 240.0 ± 13.1 kg | - Before challenge (D0) - 12 h after inoculation - day 1, 2, 3, 7, and 9 after inoculation - Immunoassay Kit (ELISA) | No extractable numerical data | There was a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between treatment group and trial day for SP concentrations. SP concentrations were significantly increased in MH compared with CT calves on D0.5 and decreased to average concentrations on D7 |
2018 | [18] | Umbilical Surgery | - CON (meloxicam treated calves, n = 10) - MET (metamizole and meloxicam treated calves, n = 11) - no LA | 37 ± 8 days | - Baseline (-1 h) before surgery - 5, 15, 30, 45, 90, 150, and 510 min after start of surgery (skin incision) - ELISA | Median plasma SP Concentrations Baseline CON 690.0 pg/mL (lower quartile 497.0 pg/mL; upper quartile 1301.1 pg/mL) MET 560.3 pg/ml (lower quartile 328.7 pg/mL; upper quartile 572.6 pg/mL CON T + 5 986.8 pg/mL T + 30 1217.2 pg/mL MET T + 60 541.1 pg/mL T + 150 555.6 pg/mL T + 510: 547.5 pg/ mL | Plasma SP concentrations were lower in MET (40 mg/kg BW metamizole IV and 0.5 mg/kg BW meloxicam IV) compared with CON (0.5 mg/kg BW meloxicam IV) at all times during and after surgery. In CON, plasma SP concentrations were significantly different from baselines at T5 (p = 0.027), T30 (p = 0.006) and T90 (p = 0.02). Calves of CON did not reach baseline plasma SP concentrations during the trial period |
2019 | [46] | Assisted Calving | - Meloxicam (n = 17) - Placebo (n = 16) | Newborn | - Birth (within 10 min of delivery) - 1, 4, 24 h and 7 and 10 days after delivery - RIA | No extractable numerical data | There was no significant difference between placebo and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg BW SC) treated calves for SP concentrations over the 24-h period |
2020 | [47] | Tail Docking | - A (Amputation, n = 8) - K (Control, n = 8) - no LA | 8 to 10 weeks | - D-2 to Day 2 at 11:10 am daily - D0 at 08:10 AM prior to tail docking via rubber ring - ELISA | No extractable numerical data | There was a trend (p = 0.087) for a difference between A and K for the mean SP concentrations. After differentiation of values after tail docking and handling, there was no difference in SP concentrations between groups |