Fig. 1

Characterization of cAD-MSCs used in this study. A The fibroblast-like cells with the ability to adhere to plastic culture plate were observed in isolated cAD-MSCs. B After osteogenic induction, Alizarin Red S staining demonstrated the mineralized extracellular matrix known as bone nodules. C After adipogenic induction, the lipid droplets stained positive with Oil Red O in differentiated cAD-MSCs. D After chondrogenic induction, the micromass was formed and sectioned. The tissue slides were stained with 0.1% of toluidine blue O and showed the typical glycosaminoglycans accumulation. E-H The flow cytometry showed that cAD-MSCs at passage 3 were moderately positive for CD44 (E) and predominantly positive for CD90 (F), while negative for CD34 (G) and CD45 (H)