Fig. 2

PBMC cytokine production in response to stimulation. PBMCs were added to U-bottom cell culture plates with Con A (5 μg/ml), PMA (20 ng/ml) + Ionomycin (1 μg/ml) or medium in triplicate for each sample and cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ for 24 h. After the incubation, the culture supernatant was collected, and cytokines were detected by ELISA. Optical density (OD) values from the spectrophotometer at 450 nm were used to construct a standard curve and quantify cytokine expression. A Expression of IFN-γ in PBMCs. B Expression of IL-4 in PBMCs. C Expression of IL-17A in PBMCs. Data are presented as means ± SD with statistically significant differences between stimulation groups (****p < 0.001)