Table 1 Semi-quantitative (% of defect filling) and qualitative (scores) evaluation of newly bone formation using CBCT at the 30th, 60th and 90th days

 Control

34.25 ± 7.58 ^c*

48.73 ± 4.87^b*

74.75 ± 4.69^a*

–

0.000

 PRF

70.87 ± 2.30^d**

83.23 ± 12.98^bc**

99.83 ± 0.41^a**

–

0.000

 PRF/ZnONPs

92.50 ± 1.58^c***

97.9 ± 1.3 ^ab***

100.0 ± 0.0^a**

–

0.000

 P-value

0.000

0.000

0.000

 Control

2.0(2.0–2.0)^b*

2.0(2.0–3.0)^b*

4.0(3.0–4.0)^a*

13.96

0.001

 PRF

3.0(3.0–3.0)^c**

4.0(3.0–4.0)^b**

5.0(4.0–5.0)^a**

14.61

0.001

 PRF/ZnONPs

4.0(4.0–4.0)^b***

4.0(4.0–5.0)^b**

5.0(5.0–5.0)^a**

13.69

0.001

 Kruskal-Wallis H

17.00

13.69

13.65

 P-value

0.000

0.001

0.001

 Control

0.0(0.0–0.0)^c*

0.5(0.0–1.0)^b*

1.0(1.0–1.0)^a

15.33

0.000

 PRF

1.5(1.0–2.0)^b**

2.0(1.0–2.0)^ab**

2.0(2.0–2.0)^a

6.30

0.043

 PRF/ZnONPs

2.0(1.0–2.0)^a**

2.0(2.0–2.0)^a**

2.0(2.0–2.0)^a

4.18

0.124

 Kruskal-Wallis H

17.89

19.56

23.00

 P-value

0.000

0.000

0.000

 Control

0.0(0.0–0.0)^b

0.0(0.0–0.0)^b*

0.0(0.0–1.0)^a*

6.57

0.037

 PRF

0.0(0.0–0.0)^c

2.5(2.0–3.0)^b**

3.0(3.0–3.0)^a**

19.93

0.000

 PRF/ZnONPs

0.0(0.0–0.0)^b

3.0(2.0–3.0)^a**

3.0(3.0–3.0)^a**

21.44

0.000

 Kruskal-Wallis H

0.000

18.72

22.14

 P-value

1.000

0.000

0.000

 Control

2.5(2.0–3.0)^a***

1.5(1.0–2.0)^b**

1.0(0.0–1.0)^c*

16.51

0.000

 PRF

0.0(0.0–1.0)^b*

0.5(0.0–1.0)^ab*

1.0(0.0–1.0)^a*

6.11

0.047

 PRF/ZnONPs

1.5(1.0–2.0)^b**

2.0(2.0–3.0)^a***

3.0(2.0–3.0)^a**

12.39

0.002

 Kruskal-Wallis H

18.81

16.73

18.73

 P-value

0.000

0.000

0.000

 Control

2.5(2.0–3.0)^a**

2.0(2.0–2.0)^b*

2.0(2.0–3.0)^ab*

6.30

0.043

 PRF

1.0(0.0–2.0)^c*

5.0(3.0–6.0)^b**

6.0(5.0–6.0)^a**

18.23

0.000

 PRF/ZnONPs

3.0(3.0–4.0)^c***

7.0(7.0–8.0)^b***

8.0(7.0–8.0)^a***

18.26

0.000

 Kruskal-Wallis H

18.20

21.75

21.89

 P-value

0.000

0.000

0.000