Table 7 Some examples of immunity salivary biomarkers (ADA: adenosine deaminase; Ig: immunoglobulin) response after different stimuli

Lameness

Contreras-Aguilar et al. [57]

LargeWhite x LargeWhite males (2–3 months-old

20

10 pigs showing lameness were compared with 10 healthy animals

ADA (IU/L)

Significantly increased in lame pigs (1829.0) compared with control (495.1)

Higher sensitivity than the measurement of ADA in serum

Lameness

Contreras-Aguilar et al. [27]

LargeWhite male growing pigs (2–3 months old)

66

• Healthy (n = 22)

• Lame (n = 21)

• Rectal prolapse (n = 23)

ADA (IU/L)

• 620.5

• 1108.3 (non-severe) to 1785.6 (severe)

• 593.7 (non-severe) to 3171.9 (severe)

Only those severe cases showed significant changes when compared with healthy

PRRS and PMWS

Escribano et al. [58]

Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) males (~ 120 days old)

30

Healthy (n = 15) vs Diseased (n = 15)

IgA (mg/L)

101.4 vs 234.0

IgG showed the largest difference, probably due to the humoral immune response

IgG (mg/L)

9.09 vs 102.6

IgM (mg/L)

16.3 vs 65.3

Threee lipopolysacharide (LPS) injections at 48 h intervals

Escribano et al. [49]

Pietrain × (Landrace × LargeWhite) growing pigs (77 days old)

10

3 days before and 3 h after each LPS administration

IgA

From < 100, peaked > 400 after 2nd injections

Increased also after 1st and 3rd injections

Restrain with iron

Fences for 20 min

Muneta et al. [59]

LargeWhite male piglets (6–8 weeks old)

8

After 5 min, at 10 and 20 min after starting stress, and 10 min after ceasing stress

IgA

~ 500% increase at 10 and 20 min after starting stress

Returned to baseline 10 min after ceasing stress