Fig. 6
Heatmaps of detected antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Frequencies of selected antimicrobial resistance genes (a) and further virulence factor genes (b) in nose and pastern samples from horses affected by equine pastern dermatitis and unaffected control horses are depicted. Antimicrobial resistance genes and functions: MDT, lmrP, sdrM and qacA, multidrug transporters (MDT); dfrBmut, mutated chromosomal dihydrofolate reductase gene leading to amino acid substitution (F99Y) and trimethoprim (TMP) resistance; gyrAmut (S84L) and grlAmut, chromosomal mutations with amino acid substitutions within the fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance determining region of DNA GyrA (S84L) and topoisomerase GrlA (S80F); fosB, fosfomycin (FOS) thioltransferase gene; erm(T), macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins B (MLSB) 23 S rRNA methylase gene; mecA, methicillin-resistance gene encoding PBP2a for resistance to all β-lactam-antibiotics; blaZ, β-lactamase gene; tet(K), tet(L), tetracycline (TET) efflux genes; tet(M), ribosome protection tetracycline resistance gene; aacA-aphD, aminoglycoside (AMG) acetyltransferase and phosphotransferase tandem genes for resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin and kanamycin; aadD, ant(4’)-Ia, amikacin and tobramycin nucleotidyltransferase gene. Virulence genes and their functions: seh, seu, and other staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, seg, sei, sel, sell, sem, sen, seo, sep); tsst-1, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 gene; hlb and other hl (hld, hlgA, hlgB, hlgC, hlIII, hly/hla); ica-family, genes associated with intercellular adhesion; luk-family, leucotoxin genes; set-family, genes for staphylococcal exotoxin-like proteins; “ESS complete” = all genes components of the ESAT-6 secretion system (ESS) present (esaA, essA, essB, essC, esaB, esaG, esxA, esxB, esxC, esxD, and esaD); “ESS incomplete” = five genes components of the ESS (namely essC, esxB, esxC, esxD, and esaD) missing; clf-family, fibrinogen-binding clumping factor genes; fnbA, fibronectin-binding protein gene; map, gene for immunomodulatory protein binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) components; sak, staphylokinase gene; ica-family, genes for intercellular adhesion; cap-family, genes for S. aureus capsular polysaccharides; ssl-family, genes for staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins; sspB, staphylococcal cysteine proteinase staphopain B gene