Table 3 Cerebrospinal fluid and serum reference biochemical findings in donkeys; (Equus asinus) (n = 40)

Glucose (mmol/L)

2.8 ± 0.3

1.2–5.3

2.3–3.4

2.7 ± 0.2

1.4–4.6

2.2–3.2

0.364

3.9 ± 0.3

1.9–5.1

3.3–4.6

Sodium (mEq/L)

136 ± 2

123–150

132–140

138 ± 4.4

125–160

128–147

0.740

140 ± 2

120–150

136–144

Potassium (mEq/L)

2.2 ± 0.1

1.5–3

1.9–2.5

2 ± 0.1

1.5–3

1.8–2.2

0.199

4.1 ± 0.2

3–5

3.8–4.4

Chloride (mEq/L)

122 ± 0.8

117–126

120–124

121 ± 1

115–126

119–123

0.421

105 ± 0.8

100–110

103–106

Calcium (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.03

1.3–1.6

1.2–1.4

1.4 ± 0.04

1.1–1.7

1.3–1.4

0.746

2.9 ± 0.05

2.6–3.2

2.7–3.0

Phosphorus (mmol/L)

0.8 ± 0.04

0.6–1.1

0.7–0.9

0.8 ± 0.03

0.5–1.0

0.7–0.9

0.870

1.7 ± 0.05

1.5–2.0

1.6–1.8

Magnesium (mmol/L)

0.7 ± 0.03

0.5–0.9

0.6–0.7

0.6 ± 0.02

0.5–0.8

0.6–0.7

0.675

1.2 ± 0.05

0.8–1.2

1.1–1.4

Urea (mmol/L)

2.0 ± 0.1

1.3–2.9

1.6–2.1

1.9 ± 0.1

1.1–2.9

1.5–2.1

0.962

16 ± 0.4

14–19

16–17

Specific gravity

1004 ± 0.3

1003–1007

1004–1005

1005 ± 0.5

1003–1010

1004–1006

0.787

NA

NA

NA