Impact of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and carbohydrate-active enzymes incorporation on plasma metabolites and liver lipid composition of broilers

Coelho, Diogo Francisco Maurício; Alfaia, Cristina Maria Riscado Pereira Mateus; Assunção, José Miguel Pestana; Costa, Mónica; Pinto, Rui Manuel Amaro; de Andrade Fontes, Carlos Mendes Godinho; Lordelo, Madalena M.; Prates, José António Mestre

doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02932-8

Table 3 Effect of experimental diets on hepatic total lipids, total cholesterol and fatty acid (FA) composition of broilers

From: Impact of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and carbohydrate-active enzymes incorporation on plasma metabolites and liver lipid composition of broilers

Item	Control	CH	CHR	CHM	SEM	p-value
*Total lipids, g/100 g*	3.10	2.90	3.20	2.98	0.126	0.363
*Total cholesterol, mg/g*	1.09	1.17	1.18	1.06	0.073	0.614
*FA composition, g/100 g FA*
C10:0	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.002	0.192
C12:0	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.003	0.446
C14:0	0.22	0.17	0.22	0.20	0.025	0.395
C14:1c9	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.005	0.851
C15:0	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.005	0.988
DMA-C16:0	0.11	0.13	0.13	0.11	0.018	0.819
C16:0	19.6	17.6	18.6	18.6	0.920	0.533
C16:1c7	0.18^a	0.28^b	0.27^b	0.30^b	0.014	< 0.001
C16:1c9	0.69	0.46	0.48	0.62	0.135	0.580
C17:0	0.34	0.41	0.41	0.40	0.028	0.210
C17:1c9	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.005	0.108
DMA-C18:0	0.18	0.26	0.26	0.21	0.037	0.369
DMA-C18:1	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.004	0.848
C18:0	22.9	24.4	24.3	23.6	0.540	0.222
C18:1c9	12.9	10.1	10.5	12.2	1.628	0.562
C18:1c11	1.11	1.26	1.22	1.28	0.044	0.048
C18:2n-6	20.0	20.5	20.6	20.0	0.603	0.860
C18:3n-6	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.003	0.255
C18:2t9t12	0.14	0.14	0.13	0.15	0.011	0.794
C18:3n-3	0.46	0.56	0.57	0.58	0.035	0.099
C18:4n-3	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.002	0.100
C20:0	0.14	0.15	0.14	0.14	0.009	0.806
C20:1c11	0.29	0.24	0.24	0.25	0.021	0.282
C20:2n-6	1.09	1.21	1.13	1.04	0.085	0.564
C20:3n-6	1.13	1.04	1.03	1.11	0.095	0.843
C20:4n-6	11.7	13.1	12.1	11.5	1.034	0.695
C20:3n-3	0.08^a	0.12^b	0.12^b	0.11^ab	0.009	0.032
C20:5n-3	0.22	0.28	0.30	0.29	0.022	0.065
C22:0	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.005	0.973
C22:1n-9	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.002	0.589
C22:2n-6	0.015	0.012	0.016	0.012	0.002	0.316
C22:5n-3	1.24	1.18	1.07	1.02	0.111	0.481
C22:6n-3	1.95	3.02	2.79	2.63	0.324	0.130
Others	3.56	2.82	3.35	2.98	0.343	0.426
*Partial sums of FA, g/100 g FA*
SFA¹	43.3	42.8	43.8	43.1	0.568	0.659
MUFA²	15.2	12.4	12.8	14.8	1.785	0.601
PUFA³	38.1	41.2	39.9	38.5	1.932	0.667
n-6 PUFA⁴	34.0	35.9	34.9	33.7	1.594	0.773
n-3 PUFA⁵	3.97	5.18	4.87	4.64	0.396	0.191
*Ratios of FA*
PUFA/SFA	0.88	0.97	0.92	0.90	0.053	0.672
n-6/n-3	8.79^a	7.22^b	7.38^ab	7.57^ab	0.382	0.025

The broilers were fed: (1) a corn-soybean based diet (Control); (2) the based diet plus 10% C. vulgaris (CH); (3) diet 2 supplemented with 0.005% Rovabio^® Excel AP; and (4) diet 2 supplemented with 0.01% of a pre-selected four-CAZyme mixture (CHM)
SEM - standard error of the mean; FA - fatty acids; DMA - dimethylacetal; SFA - saturated fatty acids; MUFA - monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA - polyunsaturated fatty acids
¹ Sum (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0)
² Sum (C14:1c9, C16:1c7, C16:1c9, C17:1c9, C17:1c10, C18:1c9, C18:1c11, C20:1c11, C22:1n-9)
³ Sum (C18:2n-6, C18:2t9t12, C18:3n-6, C18:3n-3, C18:4n-3, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:3n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, C22:6n-3)
⁴ Sum (C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6)
⁵ Sum (C18:3n-3, C18:4n-3, C20:3n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, C22:6n-3)
^a.b Different superscripts within a row indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05)

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