Impact of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and carbohydrate-active enzymes incorporation on plasma metabolites and liver lipid composition of broilers

Table 2 Effect of experimental diets on plasma metabolites of broilers

Item	Control	CH	CHR	CHM	SEM	p-value
*Plasma metabolites*
Total lipids (mg/L)¹	3578^a	3500^a	3941^b	3932^b	60.26	< 0.001
TAG (mg/L)	358^a	402^b	475^bc	526^c	23.68	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/L)	860^a	799^a	983^c	953^b	23.36	< 0.001
HDL-cholesterol (mg/L)	641^b	566^a	641^b	672^b	18.78	0.002
LDL-cholesterol (mg/L)	125^a	150^b	240^d	178^c	4.63	< 0.001
VLDL-cholesterol (mg/L)²	71.6^a	80.4^ab	95.0^bc	105^c	4.73	< 0.001
Total cholesterol/HDL-C	1.34^a	1.41^b	1.54^c	1.42^b	0.017	< 0.001
Glucose (mg/L)	2571^b	2463^ab	2452^ab	2357^a	33.78	0.001
Urea (mg/L)	10.80^ab	15.80^c	13.70^bc	9.60^a	0.83	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/L)	0.15	0.13	0.09	0.16	0.02	0.160
Total protein (g/L)	25.87^a	28.93^b	28.97^b	28.85^b	0.68	0.005
*Plasma hepatic markers*
ALT (U/L)	3.70	4.60	5.50	5.30	0.589	0.146
AST (U/L)	235.7	297.2	314.0	241.4	23.7	0.056
ALP (U/L)	3552^b	2820^ab	2149^a	5040^c	198.6	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	21.2^b	19.4^b	20.5^b	15.3^a	0.920	< 0.001

The broilers were fed: (1) a corn-soybean based diet (Control); (2) the based diet plus 10% C. vulgaris (CH); (3) diet 2 supplemented with 0.005% Rovabio^® Excel AP; and (4) diet 2 supplemented with 0.01% of a pre-selected four-CAZyme mixture (CHM)
SEM - standard error of the mean; TAG - triacylglycerols; HDL - high-density lipoproteins; LDL - low-density lipoproteins; VLDL - very low-density lipoproteins; ALT - alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2); AST - aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1); ALP - alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1); GGT - gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.13)
¹ Total lipids = [total cholesterol] × 1.12 + [TAG] × 1.33 + 148, as described by Covaci et al. [21]
² VLDL-cholesterol = 1/5 [TAG], as described by Friedewald et al. [22]
^a.b,c Different superscripts within a row indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05)

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