Fig. 2
From: S-ketamine and intranasal application: alternatives for the castration of male suckling piglets?
Cortisol levels 5 and 120 min. after castration/sham castration. The figure shows least square means and standard errors for cortisol levels (IU/ml) min.; a: S-ketamine, i.m., surgical castration; b: R/S-ketamine, i.m., surgical castration; c: S-ketamine; i.n., surgical castration; d: R/S-ketamine, i.m., sham castration; e: no anaesthesia, surgical castration; f: no anaesthesia, sham castration; i.m.: intra muscular application; i.n. intra nasal application; groups with different lower cases were significantly different; ketamine always administered together with azaperone; all piglets received the NSAID Flunixine